非谓语动词
简介
非谓语动词(Non-finite Verb)是动词的 非谓语形式,不能单独作谓语,但保留动词的 及物性 和 语态、时态 特征。
英语非谓语动词有 种形式:不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。
| 类型 | 形式 | 主要功能 |
|---|---|---|
| 不定式 | to do | 名词、形容词、副词 |
| 动名词 | doing | 名词 |
| 现在分词 | doing | 形容词、副词 |
| 过去分词 | done | 形容词、副词(被动 / 完成) |
动名词 和 现在分词 形式相同(都是 -ing),但 功能不同:动名词作名词,现在分词作形容词或副词。
不定式
不定式(Infinitive)由 to + 动词原形 构成。
部分场合使用 不带 to 的形式,称为 裸不定式(Bare Infinitive)。
句法功能
作主语
不定式作主语时,常用 形式主语 it 代替,真正的不定式后置。
- To learn English is useful.
- It is useful to learn English. (更常用)
作宾语
某些动词后必须接不定式作宾语:want, decide, hope, plan, agree, promise, refuse, manage, learn, …
- I want to leave early.
- She decided to study abroad.
作表语
不定式可作表语,表示主语的内容或目的。
- My goal is to graduate this year.
- Her dream is to travel the world.
作宾语补语
宾语补语为不定式的句型为:主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + (to) do。
- I want you to come with me.
- The teacher told us to be quiet.
作定语
不定式作定语 后置 修饰名词,表示 将来动作 或 被动。
- I have a lot of work to do.
- This is the book to read.
作状语
不定式作状语,表示 目的、结果、原因 或 条件。
- I came here to see you. (目的)
- He grew up to be a doctor. (结果)
- I'm glad to meet you. (原因)
裸不定式(不带 to)
下列场合使用 不带 to 的不定式:
- 情态动词后:can do, must do, may do
- 使役动词 make/let/have 后:make him do
- 感官动词 see/hear/watch/feel/notice 后:see him come
- 短语 had better, would rather, why not 后:had better go
- 介词 but, except, besides 后(前句含 do):do nothing but cry
- I can swim.
- Let me try.
- I saw him leave.
- You had better rest.
- He did nothing but cry.
不定式的时态和语态
| 形式 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般式 | to do | to be done |
| 进行式 | to be doing | — |
| 完成式 | to have done | to have been done |
| 完成进行式 | to have been doing | — |
- She seems to know the answer. (一般式)
- He seems to be working now. (进行式)
- She seems to have finished. (完成式)
- The book seems to have been read many times. (完成被动式)
动名词
动名词(Gerund)由 动词 + -ing 构成,作 名词 使用。
句法功能
作主语
- Smoking is harmful.
- Reading broadens the mind.
作宾语
某些动词后必须接动名词:enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, suggest, consider, practice, keep, …
- I enjoy reading.
- He finished writing the letter.
某些介词短语后必须接动名词:look forward to, be used to, devote oneself to, …
- I look forward to seeing you.
- He is used to living alone.
作表语
- His hobby is collecting stamps.
作定语
动名词作定语表示 用途。
- a swimming pool(游泳用的池子)
- a sleeping bag(睡觉用的袋子)
不定式 vs. 动名词
部分动词后既可接不定式又可接动名词,含义 不同:
| 动词 | 接不定式 | 接动名词 |
|---|---|---|
| remember | 记得要做(未做) | 记得做过(已做) |
| forget | 忘记要做 | 忘记做过 |
| regret | 遗憾要做 | 后悔做过 |
| stop | 停下来去做 | 停止做某事 |
| try | 设法做 | 尝试做 |
| mean | 打算做 | 意味着做 |
| go on | 接着做另一件事 | 继续做同一件事 |
- I remember to lock the door.(记得要锁)
- I remember locking the door.(记得锁过)
- He stopped to smoke.(停下来抽烟)
- He stopped smoking.(戒烟了)
现在分词
现在分词(Present Participle)由 动词 + -ing 构成,作 形容词 或 副词 使用。
句法功能
作定语
修饰名词,表示 主动 或 进行。
- 单个分词:前置。
- 短语:后置。
- a running boy(正在跑的男孩)
- the boy running over there(在那边跑的男孩)
作表语
主语 主动 引起感受。
- The story is interesting.
- The news is exciting.
作状语
充当时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式状语。
- Hearing the news, she cried. (时间)
- Being ill, he stayed home. (原因)
- He sat reading a book. (伴随)
作宾语补语
- I saw him running away. (看到正在跑)
- We kept him waiting. (让他等着)
过去分词
过去分词(Past Participle)通常由 动词 + -ed 构成,作 形容词 或 副词 使用,表示 被动 或 完成。
不规则动词的过去分词需单独记忆,如 write written, sing sung。
句法功能
作定语
- 单个分词:前置。
- 短语:后置。
- a broken window(坏掉的窗户)
- the book written by him(他写的书)
作表语
主语 被动 接受感受。
- The students are interested in math.
- I am excited about the trip.
-ing 形容词 和 -ed 形容词 的区别:
- -ing:主动引起感受(事物为主语)。
- -ed:被动接受感受(人为主语)。
- The film is boring. (电影很无聊)
- I am bored. (我感到无聊)
作状语
充当时间、原因、条件、方式状语,表示 被动 或 已完成。
- Given more time, I could do better. (条件)
- Surprised by the noise, he turned around. (原因)
作宾语补语
- I had my hair cut. (让头发被剪)
- We found the door locked. (发现门被锁)
独立主格
非谓语动词与 逻辑主语 共同构成 独立主格(详见 独立主格)。
- Weather permitting, we'll have a picnic tomorrow.
- The work done, they went home.
固定搭配
to do
部分动词、形容词、名词后习惯接 to do。
- want / hope / decide / plan / agree / promise to do
- be eager / glad / willing / able to do
- a chance / decision / plan / right to do
Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines to dry clothing, denying me the chance to discover one of the great wonders of sunshine — the sweet "sunshine scent" after sunning clothes for an entire day.
doing
部分动词、介词短语后习惯接 动名词。
- enjoy / finish / mind / avoid / suggest / practice doing
- look forward to / be used to / devote oneself to doing
- can't help / it's no use / there is no point doing
分词
doing
现在分词 表示 主动 或 进行。
- the rising sun(正在升起的太阳)
- the running water(流动的水)
done
过去分词 表示 被动 或 完成。
- the fallen leaves(落下的叶子)
- a closed door(关闭的门)