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主谓一致

简介

主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)是指 谓语动词人称 上与 主语 保持一致。

英语主谓一致主要遵循 3 条基本原则:

  • 语法一致(Grammatical Concord):谓语与主语在语法形式上一致。
  • 意义一致(Notional Concord):谓语与主语的实际意义一致。
  • 就近一致(Proximity Concord):谓语与最近的并列主语一致。

语法一致原则

谓语动词与主语的 语法形式 保持一致。

单数主语 + 单数谓语

可数名词的单数、不可数名词、表示单一概念的主语接 单数谓语

Example
  • The book is on the desk.(这本书在桌子上。)
  • Water boils at 100°C.(水在 100°C 时沸腾。)

复数主语 + 复数谓语

可数名词的复数接 复数谓语

Example
  • The books are on the desk.(这些书在桌子上。)
  • Children like candies.(孩子们喜欢糖果。)

由 and 连接的并列主语

and 连接的两个或多个主语通常接 复数谓语

Example
  • Tom and Jerry are good friends.(Tom 和 Jerry 是好朋友。)

但下列情况接 单数谓语

  • 两个主语表示 同一人或同一事物
  • 两个主语构成 一个整体概念
  • 主语前由 each, every 修饰。
Example
  • The singer and dancer is my sister.(那位歌手兼舞者是我姐姐。)(同一人)
  • Bread and butter is my breakfast.(黄油面包是我的早餐。)(一个整体)
  • Every man and woman has the right to vote.(每个人都有投票权。)

不定代词作主语

不定代词谓语
each, every, either, neither, one, no one, anyone, someone, nobody, anything, ...单数
both, few, many, several复数
all, some, most, half, none, plenty of, ...根据所指
Example
  • Each of them has a book.(他们每个人都有一本书。)
  • Both of us are tired.(我们俩都累了。)
  • All of the water is clean.(所有的水都是干净的。)(不可数)
  • All of the students are present.(所有学生都到场了。)(可数复数)

集合名词作主语

集合名词谓语示例
family, team, class, group, audience, government, ...单数(整体)或复数(成员)The family is large.(这个家庭很大。) / The family are all teachers.(这家人都是老师。)
people, police, cattle, poultry复数The police are investigating.(警方正在调查。)
furniture, equipment, baggage, jewelry单数(不可数)The furniture is new.(家具是新的。)

意义一致原则

谓语动词与主语的 实际意义 一致,不严格依据语法形式。

表示时间、距离、金额、重量的复数名词

被视为 整体概念,接 单数谓语

Example
  • Ten years is a long time.(十年是很长的时间。)
  • Two miles is not far.(两英里不远。)
  • Five dollars is enough.(五美元就够了。)

表示书名、剧名、文章标题的复数名词

被视为 单一作品,接 单数谓语

Example
  • The Times is a famous newspaper.(《泰晤士报》是一份著名的报纸。)
  • Great Expectations is a novel by Dickens.(《远大前程》是狄更斯的一部小说。)

算术运算

加、减、乘、除的结果接 单数谓语

Example
  • Two plus three is five.(二加三等于五。)
  • Six divided by two is three.(六除以二等于三。)

形如复数实为单数的名词

名词谓语示例
news单数The news is good.(这消息不错。)
学科名词:mathematics, physics, economics, ...单数Mathematics is my favorite.(数学是我的最爱。)
国家名:the United States, the Philippines, ...单数The United States is large.(美国很大。)
疾病名:measles, mumps, diabetes, ...单数Measles is infectious.(麻疹会传染。)

形如单数实为复数的名词

名词谓语示例
people, police, cattle, poultry复数The police are here.(警察来了。)
the rich, the poor, the young, the old, ...复数The rich are not always happy.(富人未必总是幸福。)

「成对」名词

a pair of 修饰时按 pair 算,接 单数谓语;否则接 复数谓语

名词
trousers, jeans, glasses, scissors, shoes, ...
Example
  • My glasses are broken.(我的眼镜坏了。)
  • A pair of glasses is on the table.(桌上有一副眼镜。)

就近一致原则

谓语动词与 靠近 的主语保持一致。

适用以下连词连接的并列主语:

  • either...or
  • neither...nor
  • not only...but also
  • not...but
  • or
Example
  • Either you or he is wrong.(不是你错就是他错。)
  • Neither Tom nor his friends are here.(Tom 和他的朋友都不在。)
  • Not only the students but also the teacher was present.(不仅学生们在场,老师也在。)

特殊结构

there be 句型

谓语与 后面的主语 一致(就近一致)。

Example
  • There is a book and two pens on the desk.(桌上有一本书和两支笔。)
  • There are two pens and a book on the desk.(桌上有两支笔和一本书。)

with, along with, as well as, together with, including

主句谓语与 第一个主语 一致,不受 with 短语影响。

Example
  • Tom, as well as his friends, is going.(Tom 和他的朋友们都要去。)
  • The teacher, together with the students, was invited.(老师和学生们都受到了邀请。)

定语从句中的主谓一致

定语从句的谓语与 先行词 保持一致。

Example
  • He is one of the students who are good at math.(他是擅长数学的学生之一。)(先行词 students,复数)
  • He is the only one of the students who is good at math.(他是学生中唯一擅长数学的。)(先行词 one,单数)

主语为 what 引导的从句

通常接 单数谓语;从句内容明显为复数时接 复数谓语

Example
  • What he said is true.(他说的是真的。)
  • What we need are books.(我们需要的是书。)

思维导图