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倒装

简介​

倒装（Inversion）是将 谓语 或 谓语的一部分 提到 主语 之前的语序结构，以表达 强调、疑问、条件 或 修辞效果。

按提前部分的多少可分为 22 类：

  • 完全倒装（Full Inversion）：整个谓语动词提到主语前。
  • 部分倒装（Partial Inversion）：助动词、情态动词或 be 提到主语前，实义动词保持原位。
正常语序：主语+谓语+其他\text{正常语序：主语} + \text{谓语} + \text{其他} 完全倒装：谓语+主语+其他\text{完全倒装：谓语} + \text{主语} + \text{其他} 部分倒装：助动词+主语+实义动词+其他\text{部分倒装：助动词} + \text{主语} + \text{实义动词} + \text{其他}

完全倒装​

完全倒装 将 整个谓语 提到主语前，常见于以下场合。

地点状语提前​

地点状语 或 方位副词 置于句首，且谓语为 不及物动词 时，使用完全倒装。

常见方位副词：here, there, in, out, up, down, away, off, back, …

Example
  • Here comes the bus. Here the bus comes.
  • There goes the bell.
  • In the room sat an old man.
  • Down came the rain.
提示

主语为 代词 时不倒装。

Example
  • Here he comes. Here comes he.

there be 句型​

there be 句型本身就是倒装结构。

Example
  • There is a book on the desk.
  • There are many students in the classroom.

表语提前​

表语 + 系动词 + 主语 的句型。

Example
  • Gone are the days when we were poor.
  • Such was the situation that no one dared to speak.

部分倒装​

部分倒装 仅将 助动词 或 情态动词 提前，常见于以下场合。

疑问句​

最常见的部分倒装形式。

Example
  • Do you like music?
  • Can you swim?
  • Have you finished?

否定副词置于句首​

否定意义的副词或短语置于句首时，必须使用部分倒装。

常见否定副词：never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, little, no sooner, not only, not until, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, …

Example
  • Never have I seen such a beautiful sight.
  • Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.
  • No sooner had I arrived than it began to rain.
  • Not until he came did I know the truth.
提示

Not until + 时间状语 置于句首，主句倒装，not until 从句不倒装。

only 引导的状语置于句首​

only + 状语 置于句首，主句倒装。

Example
  • Only then did I realize my mistake.
  • Only by working hard can we succeed.
  • Only when he arrived did the meeting begin.
提示

only + 主语 不倒装，因为 only 修饰主语，不是状语。

Example
  • Only Tom knows the answer. Only Tom does know

so / neither / nor 引导的句子​

表示 「也（不）」 的句子用部分倒装。

句型示例
So + 助动词 + 主语He is tired. So am I.
Neither/Nor + 助动词 + 主语He can't swim. Neither can I.
提示

so + 主语 + 助动词 不倒装，表示 「的确如此」。

Example
  • He is tall. So am I.（我也是）
  • He is tall. So he is.（的确如此）

虚拟条件句省略 if​

if 省略时，were, had, should 提到主语前（详见 动词语气）。

Example
  • Were I you, I would go.
  • Had I known, I would have come.
  • Should it rain, we would cancel.

so/such...that 句型​

so + 形容词/副词 或 such + 名词 置于句首时倒装。

Example
  • So angry was he that he couldn't speak.
  • Such a heavy box was it that I couldn't lift it.

as / though 引导让步状语从句​

形容词 / 副词 / 名词 + as / though 表示让步。

Example
  • Tired as he was, he kept working.
  • Child as he is, he knows a lot.

表达祝愿的 may​

句首 may 表示祝愿，要倒装。

Example
  • May you succeed!
  • May God bless you!

句首 well, often, many a time 等​

少数表 频率 的副词或短语置于句首可倒装（书面语）。

Example
  • Many a time has he helped me.

易错点​

主谓一致​

倒装后 主语数 决定谓语形式（详见 主谓一致）。

Example
  • Here is a book. (单数)
  • Here are the books. (复数)

与强调结构区分​

强调结构 It is...that... 不是倒装（详见 强调）。

Example
  • It was Tom that called me. (强调结构)
  • Never have I met such a person. (倒装)

思维导图​