倒装
简介
倒装(Inversion)是将 谓语 或 谓语的一部分 提到 主语 之前的语序结构,以表达 强调、疑问、条件 或 修辞效果。
按提前部分的多少可分为 2 类:
- 完全倒装(Full Inversion):整个谓语动词提到主语前。
- 部分倒装(Partial Inversion):助动词、情态动词或 be 提到主语前,实义动词保持原位。
完全倒装
完全倒装 将 整个谓语 提到主语前,常见于以下场合。
地点状语提前
地点状语 或 方位副词 置于句首,且谓语为 不及物动词 时,使用完全倒装。
常见方位副词:here, there, in, out, up, down, away, off, back, …
- Here comes the bus.(公交车来了。)
Here the bus comes. - There goes the bell.(铃响了。)
- In the room sat an old man.(房间里坐着一位老人。)
- Down came the rain.(雨落了下来。)
主语为 代词 时不倒装。
- Here he comes.(他来了。)
Here comes he.
there be 句型
there be 句型本身就是倒装结构。
- There is a book on the desk.(桌上有一本书。)
- There are many students in the classroom.(教室里有许多学生。)
表语提前
表语 + 系动词 + 主语 的句型。
- Gone are the days when we were poor.(我们贫穷的日子一去不复返了。)
- Such was the situation that no one dared to speak.(情况如此,没人敢开口。)
部分倒装
部分倒装 仅将 助动词 或 情态动词 提前,常见于以下场合。
疑问句
最常见的部分倒装形式。
- Do you like music?(你喜欢音乐吗?)
- Can you swim?(你会游泳吗?)
- Have you finished?(你做完了吗?)
否定副词置于句首
否定意义的副词或短语置于句首时,必须使用部分倒装。
常见否定副词:never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, little, no sooner, not only, not until, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, …
- Never have I seen such a beautiful sight.(我从未见过如此美丽的景象。)
- Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.(我刚坐下电话就响了。)
- No sooner had I arrived than it began to rain.(我一到就下起了雨。)
- Not until he came did I know the truth.(直到他来我才知道真相。)
Not until + 时间状语 置于句首,主句倒装,not until 从句不倒装。
only 引导的状语置于句首
only + 状语 置于句首,主句倒装。
- Only then did I realize my mistake.(直到那时我才意识到自己的错误。)
- Only by working hard can we succeed.(只有努力我们才能成功。)
- Only when he arrived did the meeting begin.(直到他到场会议才开始。)
only + 主语 不倒装,因为 only 修饰主语,不是状语。
- Only Tom knows the answer.(只有 Tom 知道答案。)
Only Tom does know
so / neither / nor 引导的句子
表示 「也(不)」 的句子用部分倒装。
| 句型 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| So + 助动词 + 主语 | He is tired. So am I.(他累了。我也累了。) |
| Neither/Nor + 助动词 + 主语 | He can't swim. Neither can I.(他不会游泳。我也不会。) |
so + 主语 + 助动词 不倒装,表示 「的确如此」。
- He is tall. So am I.(他很高。我也是。)
- He is tall. So he is.(他确实很高,的确如此。)
虚拟条件句省略 if
if 省略时,were, had, should 提到主语前(详见 动词语气)。
- Were I you, I would go.(如果我是你,我会去。)
- Had I known, I would have come.(早知道我就来了。)
- Should it rain, we would cancel.(万一下雨,我们就取消。)
so/such...that 句型
so + 形容词/副词 或 such + 名词 置于句首时倒装。
- So angry was he that he couldn't speak.(他气得说不出话来。)
- Such a heavy box was it that I couldn't lift it.(箱子太重,我搬不动。)
as / though 引导让步状语从句
形容词 / 副词 / 名词 + as / though 表示让步。
- Tired as he was, he kept working.(尽管他很累,仍继续工作。)
- Child as he is, he knows a lot.(尽管还是个孩子,他懂得很多。)
表达祝愿的 may
句首 may 表示祝愿,要倒装。
- May you succeed!(愿你成功!)
- May God bless you!(愿上帝保佑你!)
句首 well, often, many a time 等
少数表 频率 的副词或短语置于句首可倒装(书面语)。
- Many a time has he helped me.(他多次帮助过我。)
易错点
主谓一致
倒装后 主语数 决定谓语形式(详见 主谓一致)。
- Here is a book.(这里有一本书。)(单数)
- Here are the books.(这些书在这里。)(复数)
与强调结构区分
强调结构 It is...that... 不是倒装(详见 强调)。
- It was Tom that called me.(是 Tom 给我打的电话。)(强调结构)
- Never have I met such a person.(我从未见过这样的人。)(倒装)