强调
简介
强调(Emphasis)是通过 语法手段 突出句中某一成分,使其在语义上更为突出的修辞结构。
英语强调主要通过以下方式实现:
- 强调句型(it 分裂句)
- 助动词 do 强调
- 强调词修饰
- 倒装结构
- 重复
强调句型
强调句型(Cleft Sentence),又称 it 分裂句,用 it is/was...that... 结构突出主语、宾语、状语等。
基本句型:
可强调的成分
- 主语
- 宾语
- 状语(时间、地点、原因、方式等)
Example
- Tom met Lily in the park yesterday.(Tom 昨天在公园遇见了 Lily。)
- It was Tom that/who met Lily in the park yesterday.(昨天在公园遇见 Lily 的是 Tom。)(强调主语)
- It was Lily that/whom Tom met in the park yesterday.(Tom 昨天在公园遇见的是 Lily。)(强调宾语)
- It was in the park that Tom met Lily yesterday.(Tom 昨天是在公园遇见 Lily 的。)(强调地点)
- It was yesterday that Tom met Lily in the park.(Tom 是昨天在公园遇见 Lily 的。)(强调时间)
提示
强调句型 不能强调 谓语动词;强调谓语用 do/does/did 结构。
时态选择
it is 与 it was 的选择由 原句时态 决定:
- 原句为 过去时态 It was...that...
- 原句为 现在 / 将来时态 It is...that...
Example
- I met him yesterday. It was yesterday that I met him.(我是昨天遇见他的。)
- I meet him every day. It is every day that I meet him.(我是每天都遇见他的。)
引导词 that 与 who
| 被强调成分 | 引导词 |
|---|---|
| 人为主语 | that 或 who |
| 人为宾语 | that, whom, who |
| 物 / 状语 | that |
Example
- It was Tom who broke the window.(打破窗户的是 Tom。)(主语为人)
- It was the window that Tom broke.(Tom 打破的是那扇窗户。)(宾语为物)
强调句的疑问形式
一般疑问句
将 is/was 提到句首。
Example
- Was it Tom that broke the window?(是 Tom 打破窗户的吗?)
特殊疑问句
将 疑问词 置于句首,构造 疑问词 + is/was + it + that + ...。
Example
- Who was it that broke the window?(是谁打破了窗户?)
- When was it that you met him?(你是什么时候遇见他的?)
- Where is it that you live?(你到底住在哪里?)
强调句 vs. 主语从句
| 类型 | 特征 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 强调句 | 去掉 it is...that 仍为完整句 | It is Tom that broke it.(是 Tom 打破的。)(Tom broke it. ✓) |
| 主语从句 | 去掉 it is...that 不构成完整句 | It is true that he came.(他来了,这是真的。)(True he came. ✗) |
提示
判断方法:将 it is/was 和 that 同时删去,若剩余部分仍为 完整句,则为强调句;否则为主语从句。
助动词 do 强调
在 肯定句 中,将 do / does / did 置于实义动词前,强调谓语。
| 时态 | 形式 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | do/does + 动词原形 | I do love you. / She does know it.(我真的爱你。/她确实知道。) |
| 一般过去 | did + 动词原形 | He did come yesterday.(他昨天确实来了。) |
| 祈使句 | do + 动词原形 | Do sit down.(请务必坐下。) |
提示
- 实义动词必须用 原形。
- 仅用于 肯定句,不用于否定句、疑问句、含其他助动词的句子。
Example
- I do know him.(我确实认识他。)
- She does love music.(她确实喜欢音乐。)
- He did finish the work.(他确实完成了工作。)
强调词
某些副词或形容词可置于被强调成分前,增强语气。
强调代词
反身代词(myself, yourself, …)作 同位语 时强调主语或宾语。
Example
- I myself saw it.(我亲眼看见的。)
- The teacher himself corrected the papers.(老师亲自批改了试卷。)
强调副词
| 副词 | 语义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| indeed | 确实 | He is indeed kind.(他确实很友善。) |
| really | 真的 | I really love this song.(我真的很喜欢这首歌。) |
| truly | 确实 | She is truly talented.(她确实很有天赋。) |
| absolutely / completely / totally | 完全、绝对 | I'm absolutely sure.(我完全确定。) |
| very | 修饰最高级/同类 | This is the very best.(这是最好的。) |
the very + 名词
the very + 名词 表示 「正是这个」。
Example
- This is the very book I want.(这正是我想要的书。)
- He is the very man we are looking for.(他正是我们要找的人。)
疑问词 + ever / on earth / in the world
强调疑问语气。
Example
- Whatever are you doing?(你到底在做什么?)
- Why on earth did he leave?(他究竟为什么离开?)
- Where in the world have you been?(你到底去哪儿了?)
倒装强调
将 否定副词 或 only + 状语 置于句首构成 部分倒装(详见 倒装)。
Example
- Never have I seen such a sight.(我从未见过这样的景象。)
- Only by working hard can we succeed.(只有努力我们才能成功。)
- Not until he arrived did we begin.(直到他到场我们才开始。)
重复强调
通过 词的重复 加强语气。
Example
- He tried again and again.(他一次又一次地尝试。)
- The pain grew worse and worse.(疼痛越来越剧烈。)
易错点
强调句不可强调谓语
强调谓语动词必须用 do/does/did,不能用 it is...that...。
Example
- I do love you.(我确实爱你。)(强调谓语 love,不能用 it is...that... 句型)
强调主语时主谓一致
强调主语时,that 从句 的谓语应与 被强调主语 保持一致(详见 主谓一致)。
Example
- It is I who am to blame.(该受责备的是我。)(被强调主语 I)
- It is they who are wrong.(错的是他们。)
do + 动词原形
do 强调结构中,动词必须用 原形,不可用过去式或第三人称单数。
Example
- He did go.(他确实去了。)
He did went. - She does know.(她确实知道。)
She does knows.