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从句

简介

从句(Subordinate Clause)是 不能独立成句、必须依附主句存在的结构。

从句本身包含 主语谓语,但充当主句的某个成分。

语法功能 可分为 3 大类:

  • 名词性从句:在主句中充当 名词 的位置(主语、宾语、表语、同位语)。
  • 形容词性从句:又称 定语从句,修饰名词或代词。
  • 副词性从句:又称 状语从句,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个主句。

名词性从句

名词性从句(Nominal Clause)在主句中占据名词的句法位置。

按功能可分为 5 种:主语从句宾语从句表语从句宾语补语从句同位语从句

引导词

引导词类型常见引导词
从属连词that, whether, if
连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which
连接副词when, where, why, how
提示

引导词的选择规则:

  • that:陈述意义,不充当从句成分
  • whether / if:「是否」之意,if 只用于宾语从句。
  • wh- 类:表 疑问意义在从句中充当成分

主语从句

主语从句 充当主句的主语。

直接置于句首,或用 形式主语 it 替代,真正从句后置。

Example
  • That he is honest is well-known.(他很诚实这一点众所周知。)
  • It is well-known that he is honest.(他很诚实这一点众所周知。)(更常用)
  • What he said surprised us.(他所说的话让我们感到惊讶。)

形式主语句型常见结构:

句型示例
It is + 形容词 + thatIt is clear that he is right.(很明显他是对的。)
It is + 名词 + thatIt is a pity that you can't come.(很遗憾你不能来。)
It seems / happens thatIt seems that he is angry.(他似乎生气了。)

宾语从句

宾语从句 充当 动词介词 的宾语。

Example
  • I know that he is right.(我知道他是对的。)
  • I wonder whether she will come.(我想知道她是否会来。)
  • I am sure of what he said.(我对他所说的话很确信。)

引导词 that 在宾语从句中通常可省略,但下列情况不可省略:

  • 多个并列宾语从句中的 第二个及之后
  • 主句和从句之间隔有其他成分。
  • that 引导的主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
Example
  • He said that he was tired and that he wanted to rest.(他说他累了,想休息。)

时态呼应

主句为 过去时态 时,宾语从句通常使用 相应的过去时态

主句从句变化示例
一般现在一般过去He said he was ill.(他说他病了。)
现在完成过去完成He said he had finished.(他说他已经完成了。)
一般将来过去将来He said he would come.(他说他会来。)
提示

从句陈述 客观真理自然规律习惯动作 时,不受主句时态影响,始终用 一般现在时态

Example
  • The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.(老师说地球绕着太阳转。)

表语从句

表语从句 充当主句的表语,置于 连系动词 之后。

Example
  • The truth is that he lied.(事实是他撒谎了。)
  • The question is whether we should go.(问题是我们是否该去。)
  • This is what I want.(这就是我想要的。)

宾语补语从句

宾语补语从句 充当宾语补语,常见于 make, find, think, consider 等动词后。

Example
  • We considered it strange that he didn't come.(我们觉得他没来很奇怪。)
  • I find it difficult to understand him.(我觉得理解他很难。)

同位语从句

同位语从句 跟在 抽象名词 后,对该名词进行 解释或说明

常接同位语从句的名词:fact, news, idea, belief, hope, suggestion, doubt, opinion, …

Example
  • The news that he won the prize spread quickly.(他获奖的消息很快传开了。)
  • I have no doubt that he is honest.(我毫不怀疑他是诚实的。)

同位语从句 vs. 定语从句

类型引导词 that 在从句中作用示例
同位语从句不作成分(解释名词)The fact that he lied is clear.(他撒谎这一事实很清楚。)
定语从句充当从句成分(修饰名词)The fact that he told us is clear.(他告诉我们的那个事实很清楚。)

形容词性从句

形容词性从句(Adjective Clause),又称 定语从句(Relative Clause),用于修饰 名词代词

被修饰的词称为 先行词(Antecedent)。

引导词

引导词类型常见词在从句中的作用
关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as充当主语、宾语、定语
关系副词when, where, why充当状语
引导词适用先行词在从句中作用示例
who主语、宾语The man who came is my uncle.(来的那个人是我叔叔。)
whom宾语The man whom I met is my uncle.(我遇到的那个人是我叔叔。)
whose人 / 物定语The boy whose father is a doctor.(父亲是医生的那个男孩。)
which主语、宾语The book which I read.(我读的那本书。)
that人 / 物主语、宾语The man that came / The book that I read.(来的那个人 / 我读的那本书。)
when表时间名词时间状语The day when I met him.(我遇到他的那天。)
where表地点名词地点状语The place where I live.(我住的那个地方。)
whyreason原因状语The reason why I came.(我来的原因。)

限制性 vs. 非限制性

类型特征示例
限制性定语从句修饰先行词不可缺,无逗号The boy who is reading is my brother.(正在读书的那个男孩是我弟弟。)
非限制性定语从句补充说明,用逗号隔开My father, who is a doctor, is busy.(我父亲是医生,他很忙。)
提示

非限制性定语从句 不能用 that 引导。

关系代词 that 与 which 的选择

下列情况只能用 that

  • 先行词被 最高级序数词all, every, no, any, only 等修饰。
  • 先行词为 不定代词(something, anything, nothing, all, everything)。
  • 先行词同时包含 人和物
Example
  • This is the best book that I have ever read.(这是我读过的最好的书。)
  • All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子。)

下列情况只能用 which

  • 引导 非限制性定语从句
  • 介词后置时(in which, of which)。

介词 + 关系代词

介词可前置或后置。

  • 前置:only with whom, in which 等。
  • 后置:whom...with, that...in 等。
Example
  • The man with whom I spoke is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)
  • The man whom I spoke with is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)
  • The man that I spoke with is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)(介词后置,可用 that)

副词性从句

副词性从句(Adverbial Clause),又称 状语从句,用于修饰 动词形容词副词整个主句

按语义可分为 9 类,引导词详见 连词

时间状语从句

引导词:when, while, as, before, after, since, until / till, as soon as, once, …

Example
  • I will call you when I arrive.(我到了就给你打电话。)
  • He waited until she came back.(他一直等到她回来。)
提示

时间状语从句中,主将从现:主句用 将来时态,从句用 一般现在时态 替代将来时态。

Example
  • I will leave when he comes.(他来的时候我就走。)when he will come

地点状语从句

引导词:where, wherever。

Example
  • Sit wherever you like.(你想坐哪就坐哪。)
  • I will go where you go.(你去哪我就去哪。)

原因状语从句

引导词:because, since, as, for, now that, seeing that。

Example
  • I stayed home because it rained.(因为下雨我待在家里。)

目的状语从句

引导词:so that, in order that, lest, for fear that。

从句常用 may, might, should + 动词原形

Example
  • Speak loudly so that everyone may hear.(大声说,好让大家都能听见。)

结果状语从句

引导词:so...that, such...that, so that。

Example
  • He is so tired that he can't walk.(他累得走不动了。)
  • It is such a heavy box that I can't lift it.(这箱子重得我搬不动。)

条件状语从句

引导词:if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case。

主将从现:主句将来时态,从句一般现在时态。

Example
  • I will go if it doesn't rain.(如果不下雨我就去。)

让步状语从句

引导词:though, although, even if, even though, while, whereas, no matter wh-, whatever, however, …

Example
  • Although it is raining, we'll go.(尽管在下雨,我们还是会去。)
  • However hard he tries, he can't succeed.(无论他多么努力,都无法成功。)

方式状语从句

引导词:as, as if, as though。

as if / as though 可用 虚拟语气(详见 动词语气)。

Example
  • Do as I say.(照我说的做。)
  • He talks as if he knew everything.(他说起话来好像什么都懂。)

比较状语从句

引导词:than, as...as, the more...the more。

Example
  • He is taller than I am.(他比我高。)
  • The harder you work, the more you gain.(你越努力,收获越多。)

思维导图