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代词

代词(Pronoun)是代替名词或名词短语。

pronoun代词=pro代替+noun名词\underbrace{\text{pronoun}}_{\text{代词}} =\underbrace{\text{pro}}_{\text{代替}} +\underbrace{\text{noun}}_{\text{名词}}

人称代词 & 物主代词 & 反身代词

表格

人称 / 类别

人称代词物主代词反身代词
主格宾格形容词性名词性
第一人称单数Imemyminemyself
复数weusouroursourselves
第二人称单数youyouyouryoursyourself
复数youyouyouryoursyourselves
第三人称单数hehimhishishimself
sheherherhersherself
itititsitsitself
复数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves

人称代词

人称代词(Personal Pronoun)用于代替前文出现过的人或事物。

主格

主格 在句中通常作 主语,位于动词前面。

Example
  • He is a teacher.
  • They are playing football.

宾格

宾格 在句中通常作 宾语,位于 动词介词 后面。

Example
  • I saw him yesterday.
  • This gift is for her.
提示

人称代词的并列顺序:第二人称 → 第三人称 → 第一人称(2-3-1),即 you and Ihe and Iyou, he and I

承认错误或承担责任时,将 第一人称放在前面(1-2-3),即 I and you are to blame

Example
  • You and I are good friends. (常态顺序)
  • I and Tom broke the window. (担责顺序)

物主代词

物主代词(Possessive Pronoun)表示 所属关系,分为 形容词性名词性 两种。

形容词性

形容词性物主代词 后必须加 名词,作 定语

Example
  • My book is on the desk.
  • Their house is large.

名词性

名词性物主代词不加名词,本身相当于「形容词性物主代词 + 名词」。

形容词性物主代词+名词my book=名词性物主代词mine\underbrace{\text{形容词性物主代词}+\text{名词}}_{\text{my book}} =\underbrace{\text{名词性物主代词}}_{\text{mine}}
Example
  • This book is mine. (= my book)
  • Yours is on the shelf. (= your book)
提示

itsit'stheirthey'reyouryou'rewhosewho's 是常见的拼写混淆。带 's / 're 的都是 be 动词缩写,不是物主代词。

Example
  • The dog wagged its tail. (物主代词)
  • It's raining. (= it is)

反身代词

反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun)由「物主代词 / 宾格 + -self / -selves」构成,表示 动作回到主语自身

反身用法

当句子的 主语宾语同一个人 / 物 时,宾语必须用反身代词。

Example
  • He hurt himself.
  • Take care of yourself.
  • The cat is washing itself.

反身代词也常用于固定短语:

短语含义
by oneself独自;独立地
help oneself to自取(食物)
enjoy oneself玩得开心
teach oneself自学
make oneself at home别拘束
lose oneself in沉浸于

强调用法

反身代词放在 被强调的名词或代词之后,或 句末,起 强调作用,去掉不影响句子结构,这种用法又称 强调代词(Emphatic Pronoun)。

Example
  • The president himself answered the phone.
  • I did the work myself.
提示

如何区分「反身用法」与「强调用法」:

  • 反身:充当句子成分(宾语 / 表语),去掉句子不完整。
  • 强调:不充当句子成分,去掉句子仍完整。

相互代词

相互代词(Reciprocal Pronoun)表示动作 互相之间 发生,只有两个:each otherone another

代词传统区分(已弱化)示例
each other两者 之间Tom and Jerry love each other.
one another三者及以上 相互之间The team members trust one another.
提示

现代英语中 each otherone another 已基本通用,「两者 / 多者」的区分仅在严格的正式写作中保留。

相互代词有 所有格 形式:each other'sone another's

Example
  • They borrowed each other's notes.

指示代词

指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun)用于 指示 特定的人或物,共 44 个。

代词距离 / 时间示例
this单数近指(空间 / 时间近)This is my book.
these复数近指(空间 / 时间近)These are my friends.
that单数远指(空间 / 时间远)That was a long day.
those复数远指(空间 / 时间远)Those were the days.

用法

用法示例
指代人或物This is my brother.
电话 / 介绍他人This is Tom speaking. (电话自我介绍)
避免重复名词The weather here is better than that of Beijing.
指代前文 / 后文That is what I mean.
提示

电话中介绍自己用 this(这里),询问对方用 that(那边):

  • This is Tom (speaking). (我是 Tom)
  • Is that Jerry? (你是 Jerry 吗?)

这与中文「我是…… / 您是……」的指向相反,需特别注意。

疑问代词

疑问代词(Interrogative Pronoun)用于构成 特殊疑问句,对人、物、所属等提问。

代词询问对象在从句中成分示例
who人(主格)主语 / 表语Who is calling?
whom人(宾格)动词 / 介词的宾语To whom did you speak?
whose所属关系定语 / 名词性Whose book is this?
what事物 / 职业主语 / 宾语 / 表语 / 定语What do you want?
which一定范围内选择主语 / 宾语 / 定语Which color do you like?
提示

whatwhich 的区别:

  • what:在 无限定范围 内提问。
  • which:在 限定范围 内选择。

例如「你喜欢什么颜色?」是 What color do you like?;「红色和蓝色你喜欢哪种?」是 Which color do you like, red or blue?

提示

口语中 who 常代替 whom 作宾语,但在介词之后必须用 whom

  • Who did you see? (口语)
  • To whom did you speak? (正式)

不定代词

不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun)指代 不确定的 人或事物,分为 普通不定代词复合不定代词

普通不定代词

both & either & all & neither & none

数量肯定 / 否定 区分:

代词数量肯否语义示例
both两者肯定两者都Both are right.
either两者肯定两者中任一 / 都Either will do.
neither两者否定两者都不Neither is right.
all三者及以上肯定全部都All are here.
none三者及以上否定全部都不None is here.
提示
  • both 作主语时谓语用 复数
  • either / neither 作主语时谓语用 单数
  • all / none 作主语时,可数用复数、不可数用单数。
Example
  • Both of them are my friends.
  • Neither of the answers is correct.
  • None of the water was wasted.

other & another & others & the other & the others

代词含义限定性说明
another另一个不限定(从多个中再取一个)后接 单数可数名词
other其他的形容词性后接 名词,通常用复数
others其他人 / 物不限定(泛指)=other + 复数名词,泛指其他
the other另一个(两者中的)限定(两者剩下的)通常单数
the others其余的(全部)限定(一组中剩下的全部)= the other + 复数名词
提示

记忆口诀:one... the other(两个之间),some... others(多个泛指),some... the others(多个中剩下全部)。

Example
  • I have two pens; one is red, the other is blue.
  • Some students like math, others like English.
  • Of the ten apples, three are rotten and the others are fresh.
  • Would you like another cup of tea?

some & any

二者均表示「一些」,区别在 句型

代词典型句型示例
some肯定句、表请求 / 邀请的疑问句I have some questions. / Would you like some tea?
any否定句、一般疑问句、条件句I don't have any money. / Do you have any questions?
提示

any 出现在肯定句中表示「任何一个」,强调泛指。

Example
  • Any child can do this. (任何一个孩子)
  • You may take any book you like.

few & a few & little & a little

可数 / 不可数肯定 / 否定 区分:

代词修饰对象语义倾向示例
few可数名词否定(几乎没有)He has few friends. (没什么朋友)
a few可数名词肯定(一些)He has a few friends. (有几个朋友)
little不可数名词否定(几乎没有)There is little water. (几乎没水)
a little不可数名词肯定(一些)There is a little water. (有一些水)
提示

加上 a 后语义由 消极 转为 积极,这是该组词最易混淆之处。

many & much

二者均表示「许多」,按 可数 / 不可数 区分。

代词修饰对象示例
many可数名词I have many books.
much不可数名词There is much water.
提示

a lot of / lots of 可同时修饰可数与不可数名词,是 many / much 的常用替代,在口语中更自然。

much 在肯定句中较少单独使用,常用于否定句和疑问句。

each & every

二者均表示「每一个」,但 侧重点 不同。

代词侧重点词性示例
each个体(逐个)代词 / 形容词Each of us has a book.
every整体(无一例外)仅形容词Every student must come.
提示
  • each 可单独作主语 / 宾语;every 只能作 定语
  • each 用于 两者及以上every 用于 三者及以上
  • 谓语都用 单数
Example
  • Each of the students has a textbook.
  • Every student has a textbook.

复合不定代词

some- / any- / every- / no--one / -body / -thing 构成 1212复合不定代词

类别some-any-every-no-
-onesomeoneanyoneeveryoneno one
-bodysomebodyanybodyeverybodynobody
-thingsomethinganythingeverythingnothing
提示

复合不定代词的用法要点:

  1. 作主语时谓语用 单数
  2. 形容词 后置 修饰(something important,不是 important something)。
  3. no one 是唯一 分写 的形式,其余都连写。
  4. -one-body 含义相同,前者更书面。
Example
  • Someone is knocking at the door.
  • I have nothing important to say.
  • Everyone was happy.

连接代词

连接代词(Conjunctive Pronoun)引导 名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句),且 在从句中充当成分(详见 从句)。

常见连接代词:who / whom / whose / what / which / whatever / whoever / whichever

Example
  • I don't know who he is. (who 在从句中作表语)
  • Tell me what you want. (what 在从句中作宾语)
  • Whoever breaks the rule will be punished. (whoever 引导主语从句)

关系代词

关系代词(Relative Pronoun)引导 定语从句代替先行词在从句中充当成分(详见 从句)。

常见关系代词:who / whom / whose / which / that / as

关系代词先行词在从句中成分
who主语 / 宾语
whom动词 / 介词宾语
whose人 / 物定语
which主语 / 宾语
that人 / 物主语 / 宾语
as人 / 物主语 / 宾语 / 表语
Example
  • The man who called me is my uncle.
  • The book which / that I bought is interesting.
  • The girl whose hair is long is my sister.
提示

连接代词关系代词 形式重合(who / whom / whose / which / what),区别在于:

  • 连接代词:引导 名词性从句,无先行词。
  • 关系代词:引导 定语从句,必有先行词,且代替它。

that 只作关系代词,不作连接代词。what 只作连接代词,不作关系代词。

思维导图