代词
代词(Pronoun)是代替名词或名词短语。
人称代词 & 物主代词 & 反身代词
表格
人称 / 类别 | 人称代词 | 物主代词 | 反身代词 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性 | 名词性 | |||
| 第一人称 | 单数 | I | me | my | mine | myself |
| 复数 | we | us | our | ours | ourselves | |
| 第二人称 | 单数 | you | you | your | yours | yourself |
| 复数 | you | you | your | yours | yourselves | |
| 第三人称 | 单数 | he | him | his | his | himself |
| she | her | her | hers | herself | ||
| it | it | its | its | itself | ||
| 复数 | they | them | their | theirs | themselves | |
人称代词
人称代词(Personal Pronoun)用于代替前文出现过的人或事物。
主格
主格 在句中通常作 主语,位于动词前面。
- He is a teacher.
- They are playing football.
宾格
宾格 在句中通常作 宾语,位于 动词 或 介词 后面。
- I saw him yesterday.
- This gift is for her.
人称代词的并列顺序:第二人称 → 第三人称 → 第一人称(2-3-1),即 you and I、he and I、you, he and I。
承认错误或承担责任时,将 第一人称放在前面(1-2-3),即 I and you are to blame。
- You and I are good friends. (常态顺序)
- I and Tom broke the window. (担责顺序)
物主代词
物主代词(Possessive Pronoun)表示 所属关系,分为 形容词性 和 名词性 两种。
形容词性
形容词性物主代词 后必须加 名词,作 定语。
- My book is on the desk.
- Their house is large.
名词性
名词性物主代词 后 不加名词,本身相当于「形容词性物主代词 + 名词」。
- This book is mine. (= my book)
- Yours is on the shelf. (= your book)
its 与 it's、their 与 they're、your 与 you're、whose 与 who's 是常见的拼写混淆。带 's / 're 的都是 be 动词缩写,不是物主代词。
- The dog wagged its tail. (物主代词)
- It's raining. (= it is)
反身代词
反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun)由「物主代词 / 宾格 + -self / -selves」构成,表示 动作回到主语自身。
反身用法
当句子的 主语 与 宾语 是 同一个人 / 物 时,宾语必须用反身代词。
- He hurt himself.
- Take care of yourself.
- The cat is washing itself.
反身代词也常用于固定短语:
| 短语 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| by oneself | 独自;独立地 |
| help oneself to | 自取(食物) |
| enjoy oneself | 玩得开心 |
| teach oneself | 自学 |
| make oneself at home | 别拘束 |
| lose oneself in | 沉浸于 |
强调用法
反身代词放在 被强调的名词或代词之后,或 句末,起 强调作用,去掉不影响句子结构,这种用法又称 强调代词(Emphatic Pronoun)。
- The president himself answered the phone.
- I did the work myself.
如何区分「反身用法」与「强调用法」:
- 反身:充当句子成分(宾语 / 表语),去掉句子不完整。
- 强调:不充当句子成分,去掉句子仍完整。
相互代词
相互代词(Reciprocal Pronoun)表示动作 互相之间 发生,只有两个:each other 和 one another。
| 代词 | 传统区分(已弱化) | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| each other | 两者 之间 | Tom and Jerry love each other. |
| one another | 三者及以上 相互之间 | The team members trust one another. |
现代英语中 each other 与 one another 已基本通用,「两者 / 多者」的区分仅在严格的正式写作中保留。
相互代词有 所有格 形式:each other's、one another's。
- They borrowed each other's notes.
指示代词
指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun)用于 指示 特定的人或物,共 个。
| 代词 | 数 | 距离 / 时间 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| this | 单数 | 近指(空间 / 时间近) | This is my book. |
| these | 复数 | 近指(空间 / 时间近) | These are my friends. |
| that | 单数 | 远指(空间 / 时间远) | That was a long day. |
| those | 复数 | 远指(空间 / 时间远) | Those were the days. |
用法
| 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 指代人或物 | This is my brother. |
| 电话 / 介绍他人 | This is Tom speaking. (电话自我介绍) |
| 避免重复名词 | The weather here is better than that of Beijing. |
| 指代前文 / 后文 | That is what I mean. |
电话中介绍自己用 this(这里),询问对方用 that(那边):
- This is Tom (speaking). (我是 Tom)
- Is that Jerry? (你是 Jerry 吗?)
这与中文「我是…… / 您是……」的指向相反,需特别注意。
疑问代词
疑问代词(Interrogative Pronoun)用于构成 特殊疑问句,对人、物、所属等提问。
| 代词 | 询问对象 | 在从句中成分 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人(主格) | 主语 / 表语 | Who is calling? |
| whom | 人(宾格) | 动词 / 介词的宾语 | To whom did you speak? |
| whose | 所属关系 | 定语 / 名词性 | Whose book is this? |
| what | 事物 / 职业 | 主语 / 宾语 / 表语 / 定语 | What do you want? |
| which | 一定范围内选择 | 主语 / 宾语 / 定语 | Which color do you like? |
what 与 which 的区别:
- what:在 无限定范围 内提问。
- which:在 限定范围 内选择。
例如「你喜欢什么颜色?」是 What color do you like?;「红色和蓝色你喜欢哪种?」是 Which color do you like, red or blue?
口语中 who 常代替 whom 作宾语,但在介词之后必须用 whom:
- Who did you see? (口语)
- To whom did you speak? (正式)
不定代词
不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun)指代 不确定的 人或事物,分为 普通不定代词 和 复合不定代词。
普通不定代词
both & either & all & neither & none
按 数量 与 肯定 / 否定 区分:
| 代词 | 数量 | 肯否 | 语义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| both | 两者 | 肯定 | 两者都 | Both are right. |
| either | 两者 | 肯定 | 两者中任一 / 都 | Either will do. |
| neither | 两者 | 否定 | 两者都不 | Neither is right. |
| all | 三者及以上 | 肯定 | 全部都 | All are here. |
| none | 三者及以上 | 否定 | 全部都不 | None is here. |
- both 作主语时谓语用 复数。
- either / neither 作主语时谓语用 单数。
- all / none 作主语时,可数用复数、不可数用单数。
- Both of them are my friends.
- Neither of the answers is correct.
- None of the water was wasted.
other & another & others & the other & the others
| 代词 | 含义 | 限定性 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| another | 另一个 | 不限定(从多个中再取一个) | 后接 单数可数名词 |
| other | 其他的 | 形容词性 | 后接 名词,通常用复数 |
| others | 其他人 / 物 | 不限定(泛指) | =other + 复数名词,泛指其他 |
| the other | 另一个(两者中的) | 限定(两者剩下的) | 通常单数 |
| the others | 其余的(全部) | 限定(一组中剩下的全部) | = the other + 复数名词 |
记忆口诀:one... the other(两个之间),some... others(多个泛指),some... the others(多个中剩下全部)。
- I have two pens; one is red, the other is blue.
- Some students like math, others like English.
- Of the ten apples, three are rotten and the others are fresh.
- Would you like another cup of tea?
some & any
二者均表示「一些」,区别在 句型。
| 代词 | 典型句型 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| some | 肯定句、表请求 / 邀请的疑问句 | I have some questions. / Would you like some tea? |
| any | 否定句、一般疑问句、条件句 | I don't have any money. / Do you have any questions? |
any 出现在肯定句中表示「任何一个」,强调泛指。
- Any child can do this. (任何一个孩子)
- You may take any book you like.
few & a few & little & a little
按 可数 / 不可数 与 肯定 / 否定 区分:
| 代词 | 修饰对象 | 语义倾向 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| few | 可数名词 | 否定(几乎没有) | He has few friends. (没什么朋友) |
| a few | 可数名词 | 肯定(一些) | He has a few friends. (有几个朋友) |
| little | 不可数名词 | 否定(几乎没有) | There is little water. (几乎没水) |
| a little | 不可数名词 | 肯定(一些) | There is a little water. (有一些水) |
加上 a 后语义由 消极 转为 积极,这是该组词最易混淆之处。
many & much
二者均表示「许多」,按 可数 / 不可数 区分。
| 代词 | 修饰对象 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| many | 可数名词 | I have many books. |
| much | 不可数名词 | There is much water. |
a lot of / lots of 可同时修饰可数与不可数名词,是 many / much 的常用替代,在口语中更自然。
much 在肯定句中较少单独使用,常用于否定句和疑问句。
each & every
二者均表示「每一个」,但 侧重点 不同。
| 代词 | 侧重点 | 词性 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| each | 个体(逐个) | 代词 / 形容词 | Each of us has a book. |
| every | 整体(无一例外) | 仅形容词 | Every student must come. |
- each 可单独作主语 / 宾语;every 只能作 定语。
- each 用于 两者及以上;every 用于 三者及以上。
- 谓语都用 单数。
- Each of the students has a textbook.
- Every student has a textbook.
复合不定代词
由 some- / any- / every- / no- 加 -one / -body / -thing 构成 个 复合不定代词。
| 类别 | some- | any- | every- | no- |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -one | someone | anyone | everyone | no one |
| -body | somebody | anybody | everybody | nobody |
| -thing | something | anything | everything | nothing |
复合不定代词的用法要点:
- 作主语时谓语用 单数。
- 形容词 后置 修饰(something important,不是
important something)。 - no one 是唯一 分写 的形式,其余都连写。
- -one 与 -body 含义相同,前者更书面。
- Someone is knocking at the door.
- I have nothing important to say.
- Everyone was happy.
连接代词
连接代词(Conjunctive Pronoun)引导 名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句),且 在从句中充当成分(详见 从句)。
常见连接代词:who / whom / whose / what / which / whatever / whoever / whichever。
- I don't know who he is. (who 在从句中作表语)
- Tell me what you want. (what 在从句中作宾语)
- Whoever breaks the rule will be punished. (whoever 引导主语从句)
关系代词
关系代词(Relative Pronoun)引导 定语从句,代替先行词 并 在从句中充当成分(详见 从句)。
常见关系代词:who / whom / whose / which / that / as。
| 关系代词 | 先行词 | 在从句中成分 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语 / 宾语 |
| whom | 人 | 动词 / 介词宾语 |
| whose | 人 / 物 | 定语 |
| which | 物 | 主语 / 宾语 |
| that | 人 / 物 | 主语 / 宾语 |
| as | 人 / 物 | 主语 / 宾语 / 表语 |
- The man who called me is my uncle.
- The book which / that I bought is interesting.
- The girl whose hair is long is my sister.
连接代词 与 关系代词 形式重合(who / whom / whose / which / what),区别在于:
- 连接代词:引导 名词性从句,无先行词。
- 关系代词:引导 定语从句,必有先行词,且代替它。
that 只作关系代词,不作连接代词。what 只作连接代词,不作关系代词。