介词
简介
介词(Preposition)是用在 名词、代词 或 名词性结构 之前,表示其与句子其他成分关系的虚词。
介词不能单独充当句子成分,必须与后面的 宾语(名词、代词、动名词等)组成 介词短语。
按语义可分为 类:时间介词、方位介词、方式介词 和 其他介词。
时间介词
on & at & in
| 介词 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| at | 时刻 / 某一时间点 | at 8 o'clock, at noon |
| on | 具体某一天 / 日期 | on Monday, on May 1st |
| in | 较长时段(月 / 年 / 季节 / 世纪) | in May, in 2026, in summer |
提示
记忆口诀:at 小(点)、on 中(天)、in 大(段)。
after & before
- before:在……之前。
- after:在……之后。
二者既可作介词(后接名词),也可作连词(后接从句)。
Example
- I will leave before noon.
- We had dinner after the meeting.
for & during
- for + 时段:表示动作 持续的时间长度。
- during + 时间名词:表示动作 发生在某段时间内。
Example
- I have lived here for ten years.
- He fell asleep during the meeting.
since & from
- since + 时间点:从过去某时 持续至今,常与 完成时态 连用。
- from + 时间点:仅表示 起始,不强调持续。
Example
- I have studied English since 2015.
- The shop is open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
by & till & until
- by:不晚于,强调最迟期限。
- till / until:直到,强调持续到某一时刻。
Example
- Finish the report by Friday. (最迟周五前完成)
- I waited until midnight. (一直等到午夜)
提示
till 和 until 语义几乎一致,但 until 更正式,可用于句首。
方位介词
in & at & on & to
| 介词 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| in | 在某空间 / 范围内 | in the room |
| at | 在某具体地点 / 点 | at the door |
| on | 在……表面 / 接触 | on the desk |
| to | 朝向 / 到达某地 | go to school |
between & among
- between:在 两者 之间,或在 可区分的多者 之间。
- among:在 三者及以上(看作整体)之间。
Example
- The book is between Tom and Jerry.
- He sat among the crowd.
above & over & below & under
| 介词 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| above | 在……上方(不接触,泛指) | The bird flew above us. |
| over | 在……正上方(垂直 / 覆盖) | A lamp hangs over the table. |
| below | 在……下方(不接触,泛指) | See the note below the picture. |
| under | 在……正下方(垂直 / 覆盖) | The cat is under the chair. |
across & over & through & past
| 介词 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| across | 从 表面 穿过 / 横过 | walk across the street |
| over | 从 上方 越过 | jump over the wall |
| through | 从 内部 穿过 | walk through the forest |
| past | 从 旁边 经过 | walk past the school |
behind & beside & inside & outside
| 介词 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| behind | 在……后面 | The cat is behind the door. |
| beside | 在……旁边(紧邻) | Sit beside me. |
| inside | 在……里面 | inside the box |
| outside | 在……外面 | outside the house |
提示
- beside = next to(旁边)
- besides = in addition to(除……之外,还)
两个词形相近但语义不同,注意区分。
方式介词
in
表示 语言、材料、形式、穿着 等。
Example
- speak in English
- written in ink
- pay in cash
- the girl in red
with
表示 使用工具 或 伴随。
Example
- cut with a knife
- write with a pen
- coffee with sugar
on
表示 媒介 或 方式。
Example
- on foot, on TV, on the radio, on the phone
by
表示 方式 或 手段,后接 零冠词 名词。
Example
- by bus, by train, by email, by mistake
提示
「步行」用 on foot,不用 by foot。
其他介词
with
- 伴随:a girl with long hair
- 工具:write with a pen
- 关于:be patient with children
for
- 目的:a gift for you
- 原因:thank you for your help
- 时长:study for two hours
- 支持:vote for him
without
表示 没有 或 不。
Example
- He left without saying a word.
- Life without music is dull.
to
- 方向:go to school
- 对象:give it to me
- 时间终点:from 9 to 5
- 比较:prefer tea to coffee
from
- 起源:a letter from Tom
- 起点:from Monday to Friday
- 来源:made from wood
提示
- made of + 材料(看得出原料):The desk is made of wood.
- made from + 材料(看不出原料):Paper is made from wood.
about
- 关于:a book about physics
- 大约:about twenty people
against
- 反对:vote against the plan
- 靠着:lean against the wall
of
表示 所属、关于 或 构成。
Example
- the cover of the book
- a story of love
- a cup of tea
介词的位置
介词通常位于其宾语之前,但在以下情况可后置:
| 情况 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 特殊疑问句 | What are you looking at? |
| 定语从句 | The man (whom) I spoke to is my uncle. |
| 被动语态 | He is well taken care of. |
| 不定式短语 | I need a pen to write with. |