连词
简介
连词(Conjunction)是连接词、短语、从句或句子的虚词,本身不充当句子成分。
按语法功能可分为 3 类:并列连词、从属连词、关联连词。
并列连词
并列连词(Coordinating Conjunction)连接 语法地位相同 的成分。
常见并列连词可用 FANBOYS 记忆:
| 连词 | 语义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| for | 原因 | He stayed home, for he was tired.(他待在家里,因为他累了。) |
| and | 并列 | I like tea and coffee.(我喜欢茶和咖啡。) |
| nor | 否定 | He doesn't smoke, nor does he drink.(他不抽烟,也不喝酒。) |
| but | 转折 | She is young but wise.(她虽然年轻,但很睿智。) |
| or | 选择 | Is it black or white?(它是黑色还是白色?) |
| yet | 让步转折 | The plan is simple, yet effective.(这个方案很简单,却很有效。) |
| so | 结果 | It rained, so we stayed inside.(下雨了,所以我们待在了室内。) |
提示
并列连词连接 2 个独立句子时,应在连词前加 逗号。
并列连词不应放在句首(正式书面语规范),但口语中可见。
并列连词的省略
并列 3 项及以上时,通常只在最后两项之间用连词。
Example
- I bought pens, books, and erasers.(我买了钢笔、书和橡皮。)
从属连词
从属连词(Subordinating Conjunction)连接 从句 与 主句,引导出 从属关系。
引导的从句通常为 状语从句,少数引导 名词性从句。
按语义可分为以下几类:
| 类型 | 常见连词 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | when, while, as, before, after, since, until, once | I called him when I arrived.(我到达时给他打了电话。) |
| 地点 | where, wherever | Sit wherever you like.(你想坐哪儿就坐哪儿。) |
| 原因 | because, since, as, now that | She stayed because it was raining.(她留下来了,因为在下雨。) |
| 目的 | so that, in order that, lest | Speak loudly so that all can hear.(大声说,这样所有人都能听见。) |
| 结果 | so...that, such...that | He was so tired that he fell asleep.(他太累了,以至于睡着了。) |
| 条件 | if, unless, provided that, as long as | I'll go if you come.(你来的话我就去。) |
| 让步 | though, although, even though, while, whereas | Though tired, she kept working.(尽管很累,她仍继续工作。) |
| 方式 | as, as if, as though | He acts as if he were the boss.(他表现得好像自己是老板。) |
| 比较 | than, as...as | He is taller than I am.(他比我高。) |
提示
英语中 「虽然」和「但是」不能同时出现 在同一句中。
中文「虽然……但是……」结构在英语中只保留 一个:either although or but,不能两个都用。
Example
- Although he is rich, he is unhappy.(虽然他很富有,但并不快乐。)
Although he is rich, but he is unhappy.
引导名词性从句的从属连词
某些从属连词引导 名词性从句(详见 从句)。
| 连词 | 作用 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| that | 引导陈述意义的名词从句 | I know that he is right.(我知道他是对的。) |
| whether/if | 引导疑问意义的名词从句 | I wonder whether she will come.(我想知道她是否会来。) |
关联连词
关联连词(Correlative Conjunction)是 成对 出现的连词,连接对等成分。
| 关联连词 | 语义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| both...and | 两者都 | Both Tom and Jerry are tired.(Tom 和 Jerry 都累了。) |
| not only...but also | 不仅……而且 | Not only he but also I am wrong.(不仅他错了,我也错了。) |
| either...or | 二者择一 | Either you or he is wrong.(不是你错就是他错。) |
| neither...nor | 两者都不 | Neither you nor he is right.(你和他都不对。) |
| whether...or | 是否…… | Whether you agree or not, I will go.(无论你同不同意,我都会去。) |
| as...as | 和……一样 | She is as smart as her brother.(她和她哥哥一样聪明。) |
| no sooner...than | 一……就…… | No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain.(他刚一到就开始下雨了。) |
| hardly/scarcely...when | 一……就…… | Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.(我刚坐下电话就响了。) |
提示
关联连词 连接的两个成分应保持 对等结构(平行结构)。
Example
- He is not only smart but also diligent.(他不仅聪明,而且勤奋。)(形 形)
- She either sings or dances.(她要么唱歌,要么跳舞。)(动 动)
关联连词的主谓一致
either...or、neither...nor、not only...but also 连接 两个主语 时,就近原则:谓语动词与 靠近 的主语保持一致(详见 主谓一致)。
Example
- Either you or he is wrong.(不是你错就是他错。)
- Neither Tom nor his friends are here.(Tom 和他的朋友们都不在这里。)