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动词语气

简介​

语气（Mood）是动词的语法范畴，表达说话人对所说内容的 态度。

英语动词有 33 种基本语气：

  • 陈述语气（Indicative Mood）
  • 祈使语气（Imperative Mood）
  • 虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）
语气表达内容典型示例
陈述语气陈述事实、提出疑问He is a student.
祈使语气表达命令、请求、建议Close the door.
虚拟语气表达假设、愿望、建议要求If I were you, I would go.

陈述语气​

陈述语气 用于陈述事实、描述状态、提出疑问，是英语中使用最频繁的语气。

时态、语态、人称均按 常规规则 变化（详见 动词时态、被动）。

Example
  • The Earth goes around the Sun.
  • He didn't come yesterday.
  • Are you a student?

祈使语气​

祈使语气 用于表达 命令、请求、建议、禁止 或 指示。

形式​

祈使句通常 省略主语（默认为 you），动词使用 原形。

类型形式示例
肯定动词原形 ...Close the door.
否定Don't + 动词原形 ...Don't be late again.
婉转Please + 动词原形 / 动词原形 ..., pleasePlease sit down.
建议自身Let me + 动词原形Let me try.
建议双方Let's + 动词原形Let's go now.
第三人称Let him + 动词原形Let him decide.

加强语气​

句首加 do 可加强祈使语气，多用于请求或催促。

Example
  • Do sit down.
  • Do come early.

虚拟语气​

虚拟语气 表示与 事实相反 的假设、不可能实现的愿望、或主观的建议要求。

与事实相反的条件句​

条件状语从句（if-clause）和 主句 的虚拟形式根据时间不同分为 33 类。

时间从句（if-clause）主句示例
与现在事实相反过去时态（be 用 were）would / could / should / might + 动词原形If I were you, I would go.
与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would / could / should / might + have + 过去分词If I had known, I would have come.
与将来事实相反过去时态 / should + 动词原形 / were to + 动词原形would / could / should / might + 动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay home.
Example
  • If I were rich, I would travel the world. (与现在相反)
  • If he had studied harder, he would have passed. (与过去相反)
  • If the sun were to rise in the west, I would believe you. (与将来相反)

错综时间条件句​

从句和主句的时间 不一致 时，各自按对应规则使用虚拟形式。

Example
  • If you had taken my advice, you would not be in trouble now.

(从句：与过去相反；主句：与现在相反)

含蓄条件句​

条件不通过 if 引出，而通过 介词短语、without、but for、otherwise 等暗示。

Example
  • Without your help, I would have failed.
  • But for the rain, we would have gone out.
  • He didn't tell me; otherwise I would have come.

倒装条件句​

省略 if，将 were、had、should 提到 句首（详见 倒装）。

Example
  • Were I you, I would go. (= If I were you)
  • Had I known, I would have come. (= If I had known)
  • Should it rain, we would cancel the trip. (= If it should rain)

在名词性从句中​

在主语从句和表语从句中​

句型 It is + 表语 + that 从句：表语为 necessary, important, essential, vital, urgent, advisable, … 时，从句谓语用 (should) + 动词原形。

Example
  • It is necessary that he (should) be present.
  • It is important that we (should) act at once.

在宾语从句中​

含 建议、要求、命令 之意的动词后接的宾语从句，谓语用 (should) + 动词原形。

常见动词可用 「一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求」 记忆：

  • 坚持：insist
  • 命令：order, command, demand
  • 建议：suggest, advise, propose, recommend
  • 要求：request, require, ask, desire
Example
  • The teacher insists that we (should) finish the work.
  • He suggested that she (should) see a doctor.
tip
  • insist 表示 「坚持认为」 时（陈述事实），用陈述语气，不用虚拟。
  • suggest 表示 「暗示、表明」 时，用陈述语气。
Example
  • He insisted that he was innocent. (坚持认为)
  • The smile suggested that he was happy. (暗示)

在同位语从句和表语从句中​

由 suggestion, advice, order, request, demand, idea, proposal, … 引导的同位语从句和表语从句，谓语用 (should) + 动词原形。

Example
  • His suggestion that we (should) leave early was accepted.
  • My advice is that you (should) study harder.

在状语从句中​

让步状语从句​

由 whatever, whoever, however, … 引导，谓语可用 may + 动词原形 表虚拟。

Example
  • Whatever he may say, don't believe him.

目的状语从句​

由 so that, in order that, lest, for fear that 引导，谓语用 may/might/should + 动词原形。

Example
  • He spoke slowly so that we might understand him.
  • Take an umbrella lest it should rain.

表示愿望​

引导词示例
wish + 与现在相反I wish I were taller.
wish + 与过去相反I wish I had studied harder.
wish + 与将来相反I wish it would stop raining.
would rather + 与现在相反I would rather you stayed here.
if only + 各种时间If only I were rich!

表示比较或方式​

由 as if / as though 引导，谓语用 过去时态 或 had + 过去分词。

Example
  • He talks as if he knew everything. (与现在相反)
  • She looks as if she had seen a ghost. (与过去相反)

It is (high) time that ...​

句型 It is (high) time that ... 后的从句谓语用 过去时态 或 should + 动词原形，表示 「该做某事了」。

Example
  • It is high time that we left.
  • It is time that you should go to bed.

思维导图​