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动词语气

简介

语气(Mood)是动词的语法范畴,表达说话人对所说内容的 态度

英语动词有 3 种基本语气:

  • 陈述语气(Indicative Mood)
  • 祈使语气(Imperative Mood)
  • 虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)
语气表达内容典型示例
陈述语气陈述事实、提出疑问He is a student.(他是一名学生。)
祈使语气表达命令、请求、建议Close the door.(把门关上。)
虚拟语气表达假设、愿望、建议要求If I were you, I would go.(如果我是你,我就会去。)

陈述语气

陈述语气 用于陈述事实、描述状态、提出疑问,是英语中使用最频繁的语气。

时态、语态、人称均按 常规规则 变化(详见 动词时态被动)。

Example
  • The Earth goes around the Sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)
  • He didn't come yesterday.(他昨天没来。)
  • Are you a student?(你是学生吗?)

祈使语气

祈使语气 用于表达 命令请求建议禁止指示

形式

祈使句通常 省略主语(默认为 you),动词使用 原形

类型形式示例
肯定动词原形 ...Close the door.(把门关上。)
否定Don't + 动词原形 ...Don't be late again.(别再迟到了。)
婉转Please + 动词原形 / 动词原形 ..., pleasePlease sit down.(请坐。)
建议自身Let me + 动词原形Let me try.(让我试试。)
建议双方Let's + 动词原形Let's go now.(我们现在走吧。)
第三人称Let him + 动词原形Let him decide.(让他来决定。)

加强语气

句首加 do 可加强祈使语气,多用于请求或催促。

Example
  • Do sit down.(请务必坐下。)
  • Do come early.(请一定早点来。)

虚拟语气

虚拟语气 表示与 事实相反 的假设、不可能实现的愿望、或主观的建议要求。

与事实相反的条件句

条件状语从句(if-clause)和 主句 的虚拟形式根据时间不同分为 3 类。

时间从句(if-clause)主句示例
与现在事实相反过去时态(be 用 were)would / could / should / might + 动词原形If I were you, I would go.(如果我是你,我就会去。)
与过去事实相反had + 过去分词would / could / should / might + have + 过去分词If I had known, I would have come.(如果我早知道,我就来了。)
与将来事实相反过去时态 / should + 动词原形 / were to + 动词原形would / could / should / might + 动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay home.(如果明天下雨,我就待在家。)
Example
  • If I were rich, I would travel the world.(如果我富有,我就会环游世界。)(与现在相反)
  • If he had studied harder, he would have passed.(如果他当初更用功,就通过了。)(与过去相反)
  • If the sun were to rise in the west, I would believe you.(如果太阳从西边升起,我就相信你。)(与将来相反)

错综时间条件句

从句和主句的时间 不一致 时,各自按对应规则使用虚拟形式。

Example
  • If you had taken my advice, you would not be in trouble now.(如果你当初听了我的建议,现在就不会有麻烦。)

(从句:与过去相反;主句:与现在相反)

含蓄条件句

条件不通过 if 引出,而通过 介词短语withoutbut forotherwise 等暗示。

Example
  • Without your help, I would have failed.(没有你的帮助,我就失败了。)
  • But for the rain, we would have gone out.(要不是下雨,我们就出门了。)
  • He didn't tell me; otherwise I would have come.(他没告诉我,否则我就来了。)

倒装条件句

省略 if,将 werehadshould 提到 句首(详见 倒装)。

Example
  • Were I you, I would go.(如果我是你,我就会去。)(= If I were you)
  • Had I known, I would have come.(如果我早知道,我就来了。)(= If I had known)
  • Should it rain, we would cancel the trip.(万一下雨,我们就取消这次出行。)(= If it should rain)

在名词性从句中

在主语从句和表语从句中

句型 It is + 表语 + that 从句:表语为 necessary, important, essential, vital, urgent, advisable, … 时,从句谓语用 (should) + 动词原形

Example
  • It is necessary that he (should) be present.(他有必要到场。)
  • It is important that we (should) act at once.(我们立即行动很重要。)

在宾语从句中

建议、要求、命令 之意的动词后接的宾语从句,谓语用 (should) + 动词原形

常见动词可用 「一坚持,二命令,三建议,四要求」 记忆:

  • 坚持:insist
  • 命令:order, command, demand
  • 建议:suggest, advise, propose, recommend
  • 要求:request, require, ask, desire
Example
  • The teacher insists that we (should) finish the work.(老师坚持要我们完成这项工作。)
  • He suggested that she (should) see a doctor.(他建议她去看医生。)
tip
  • insist 表示 「坚持认为」 时(陈述事实),用陈述语气,不用虚拟。
  • suggest 表示 「暗示、表明」 时,用陈述语气。
Example
  • He insisted that he was innocent.(他坚称自己是无辜的。)(坚持认为)
  • The smile suggested that he was happy.(那笑容表明他很开心。)(暗示)

在同位语从句和表语从句中

suggestion, advice, order, request, demand, idea, proposal, … 引导的同位语从句和表语从句,谓语用 (should) + 动词原形

Example
  • His suggestion that we (should) leave early was accepted.(他关于我们早点离开的建议被采纳了。)
  • My advice is that you (should) study harder.(我的建议是你要更用功学习。)

在状语从句中

让步状语从句

whatever, whoever, however, … 引导,谓语可用 may + 动词原形 表虚拟。

Example
  • Whatever he may say, don't believe him.(无论他说什么,都别信他。)

目的状语从句

so that, in order that, lest, for fear that 引导,谓语用 may/might/should + 动词原形

Example
  • He spoke slowly so that we might understand him.(他说得很慢,好让我们听懂。)
  • Take an umbrella lest it should rain.(带把伞,以防下雨。)

表示愿望

引导词示例
wish + 与现在相反I wish I were taller.(但愿我能再高些。)
wish + 与过去相反I wish I had studied harder.(要是我当初更用功就好了。)
wish + 与将来相反I wish it would stop raining.(但愿雨能停。)
would rather + 与现在相反I would rather you stayed here.(我倒希望你留在这里。)
if only + 各种时间If only I were rich!(要是我富有就好了!)

表示比较或方式

as if / as though 引导,谓语用 过去时态had + 过去分词

Example
  • He talks as if he knew everything.(他说起话来仿佛无所不知。)(与现在相反)
  • She looks as if she had seen a ghost.(她看上去像是见了鬼。)(与过去相反)

It is (high) time that ...

句型 It is (high) time that ... 后的从句谓语用 过去时态should + 动词原形,表示 「该做某事了」

Example
  • It is high time that we left.(我们该走了。)
  • It is time that you should go to bed.(你该去睡觉了。)

思维导图