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非谓语动词

简介

非谓语动词(Non-finite Verb)是动词的 非谓语形式不能单独作谓语,但保留动词的 及物性语态、时态 特征。

英语非谓语动词有 44 种形式:不定式动名词现在分词过去分词

类型形式主要功能
不定式to do名词、形容词、副词
动名词doing名词
现在分词doing形容词、副词
过去分词done形容词、副词(被动 / 完成)
tip

动名词现在分词 形式相同(都是 -ing),但 功能不同:动名词作名词,现在分词作形容词或副词。

不定式

不定式(Infinitive)由 to + 动词原形 构成。

部分场合使用 不带 to 的形式,称为 裸不定式(Bare Infinitive)。

句法功能

作主语

不定式作主语时,常用 形式主语 it 代替,真正的不定式后置。

Example
  • To learn English is useful.
  • It is useful to learn English. (更常用)

作宾语

某些动词后必须接不定式作宾语:want, decide, hope, plan, agree, promise, refuse, manage, learn, …

Example
  • I want to leave early.
  • She decided to study abroad.

作表语

不定式可作表语,表示主语的内容或目的。

Example
  • My goal is to graduate this year.
  • Her dream is to travel the world.

作宾语补语

宾语补语为不定式的句型为:主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + (to) do

Example
  • I want you to come with me.
  • The teacher told us to be quiet.

作定语

不定式作定语 后置 修饰名词,表示 将来动作被动

Example
  • I have a lot of work to do.
  • This is the book to read.

作状语

不定式作状语,表示 目的结果原因条件

Example
  • I came here to see you. (目的)
  • He grew up to be a doctor. (结果)
  • I'm glad to meet you. (原因)

裸不定式(不带 to)

下列场合使用 不带 to 的不定式:

  • 情态动词后:can do, must do, may do
  • 使役动词 make/let/have 后:make him do
  • 感官动词 see/hear/watch/feel/notice 后:see him come
  • 短语 had better, would rather, why not 后:had better go
  • 介词 but, except, besides 后(前句含 do):do nothing but cry
Example
  • I can swim.
  • Let me try.
  • I saw him leave.
  • You had better rest.
  • He did nothing but cry.

不定式的时态和语态

形式主动被动
一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have doneto have been done
完成进行式to have been doing
Example
  • She seems to know the answer. (一般式)
  • He seems to be working now. (进行式)
  • She seems to have finished. (完成式)
  • The book seems to have been read many times. (完成被动式)

动名词

动名词(Gerund)由 动词 + -ing 构成,作 名词 使用。

句法功能

作主语

Example
  • Smoking is harmful.
  • Reading broadens the mind.

作宾语

某些动词后必须接动名词:enjoy, finish, mind, avoid, suggest, consider, practice, keep, …

Example
  • I enjoy reading.
  • He finished writing the letter.

某些介词短语后必须接动名词:look forward to, be used to, devote oneself to, …

Example
  • I look forward to seeing you.
  • He is used to living alone.

作表语

Example
  • His hobby is collecting stamps.

作定语

动名词作定语表示 用途

Example
  • a swimming pool(游泳用的池子)
  • a sleeping bag(睡觉用的袋子)

不定式 vs. 动名词

部分动词后既可接不定式又可接动名词,含义 不同

动词接不定式接动名词
remember记得要做(未做)记得做过(已做)
forget忘记要做忘记做过
regret遗憾要做后悔做过
stop停下来去做停止做某事
try设法做尝试做
mean打算做意味着做
go on接着做另一件事继续做同一件事
Example
  • I remember to lock the door.(记得要锁)
  • I remember locking the door.(记得锁过)
  • He stopped to smoke.(停下来抽烟)
  • He stopped smoking.(戒烟了)

现在分词

现在分词(Present Participle)由 动词 + -ing 构成,作 形容词副词 使用。

句法功能

作定语

修饰名词,表示 主动进行

  • 单个分词:前置。
  • 短语:后置。
Example
  • a running boy(正在跑的男孩)
  • the boy running over there(在那边跑的男孩)

作表语

主语 主动 引起感受。

Example
  • The story is interesting.
  • The news is exciting.

作状语

充当时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式状语。

Example
  • Hearing the news, she cried. (时间)
  • Being ill, he stayed home. (原因)
  • He sat reading a book. (伴随)

作宾语补语

Example
  • I saw him running away. (看到正在跑)
  • We kept him waiting. (让他等着)

过去分词

过去分词(Past Participle)通常由 动词 + -ed 构成,作 形容词副词 使用,表示 被动完成

不规则动词的过去分词需单独记忆,如 write \to written, sing \to sung。

句法功能

作定语

  • 单个分词:前置。
  • 短语:后置。
Example
  • a broken window(坏掉的窗户)
  • the book written by him(他写的书)

作表语

主语 被动 接受感受。

Example
  • The students are interested in math.
  • I am excited about the trip.
tip

-ing 形容词-ed 形容词 的区别:

  • -ing:主动引起感受(事物为主语)。
  • -ed:被动接受感受(人为主语)。
Example
  • The film is boring. (电影很无聊)
  • I am bored. (我感到无聊)

作状语

充当时间、原因、条件、方式状语,表示 被动已完成

Example
  • Given more time, I could do better. (条件)
  • Surprised by the noise, he turned around. (原因)

作宾语补语

Example
  • I had my hair cut. (让头发被剪)
  • We found the door locked. (发现门被锁)

独立主格

非谓语动词与 逻辑主语 共同构成 独立主格(详见 独立主格)。

Example
  • Weather permitting, we'll have a picnic tomorrow.
  • The work done, they went home.

固定搭配

to do

部分动词、形容词、名词后习惯接 to do

Example
  • want / hope / decide / plan / agree / promise to do
  • be eager / glad / willing / able to do
  • a chance / decision / plan / right to do

Growing up, my family and our neighbors never used clotheslines to dry clothing, denying me the chance to discover one of the great wonders of sunshine — the sweet "sunshine scent" after sunning clothes for an entire day.

doing

部分动词、介词短语后习惯接 动名词

Example
  • enjoy / finish / mind / avoid / suggest / practice doing
  • look forward to / be used to / devote oneself to doing
  • can't help / it's no use / there is no point doing

分词

doing

现在分词 表示 主动进行

Example
  • the rising sun(正在升起的太阳)
  • the running water(流动的水)

done

过去分词 表示 被动完成

Example
  • the fallen leaves(落下的叶子)
  • a closed door(关闭的门)

思维导图