主谓一致
简介
主谓一致（Subject-Verb Agreement）是指 谓语动词 在 人称 和 数 上与 主语 保持一致。
英语主谓一致主要遵循 条基本原则：
- 语法一致（Grammatical Concord）：谓语与主语在语法形式上一致。
- 意义一致（Notional Concord）：谓语与主语的实际意义一致。
- 就近一致（Proximity Concord）：谓语与最近的并列主语一致。
语法一致原则
谓语动词与主语的 语法形式 保持一致。
单数主语 + 单数谓语
可数名词的单数、不可数名词、表示单一概念的主语接 单数谓语。
Example
- The book is on the desk.
- Water boils at 100°C.
复数主语 + 复数谓语
可数名词的复数接 复数谓语。
Example
- The books are on the desk.
- Children like candies.
由 and 连接的并列主语
由 and 连接的两个或多个主语通常接 复数谓语。
Example
- Tom and Jerry are good friends.
但下列情况接 单数谓语：
- 两个主语表示 同一人或同一事物。
- 两个主语构成 一个整体概念。
- 主语前由 each, every 修饰。
Example
- The singer and dancer is my sister.（同一人）
- Bread and butter is my breakfast.（一个整体）
- Every man and woman has the right to vote.
不定代词作主语
| 不定代词 | 谓语 |
|---|---|
| each, every, either, neither, one, no one, anyone, someone, nobody, anything, ... | 单数 |
| both, few, many, several | 复数 |
| all, some, most, half, none, plenty of, ... | 根据所指 |
Example
- Each of them has a book.
- Both of us are tired.
- All of the water is clean.（不可数）
- All of the students are present.（可数复数）
集合名词作主语
| 集合名词 | 谓语 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| family, team, class, group, audience, government, ... | 单数（整体）或复数（成员） | The family is large. / The family are all teachers. |
| people, police, cattle, poultry | 复数 | The police are investigating. |
| furniture, equipment, baggage, jewelry | 单数（不可数） | The furniture is new. |
意义一致原则
谓语动词与主语的 实际意义 一致，不严格依据语法形式。
表示时间、距离、金额、重量的复数名词
被视为 整体概念，接 单数谓语。
Example
- Ten years is a long time.
- Two miles is not far.
- Five dollars is enough.
表示书名、剧名、文章标题的复数名词
被视为 单一作品，接 单数谓语。
Example
- The Times is a famous newspaper.
- Great Expectations is a novel by Dickens.
算术运算
加、减、乘、除的结果接 单数谓语。
Example
- Two plus three is five.
- Six divided by two is three.
形如复数实为单数的名词
| 名词 | 谓语 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| news | 单数 | The news is good. |
| 学科名词：mathematics, physics, economics, ... | 单数 | Mathematics is my favorite. |
| 国家名：the United States, the Philippines, ... | 单数 | The United States is large. |
| 疾病名：measles, mumps, diabetes, ... | 单数 | Measles is infectious. |
形如单数实为复数的名词
| 名词 | 谓语 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| people, police, cattle, poultry | 复数 | The police are here. |
| the rich, the poor, the young, the old, ... | 复数 | The rich are not always happy. |
「成对」名词
a pair of 修饰时按 pair 算，接 单数谓语；否则接 复数谓语。
| 名词 |
|---|
| trousers, jeans, glasses, scissors, shoes, ... |
Example
- My glasses are broken.
- A pair of glasses is on the table.
就近一致原则
谓语动词与 靠近 的主语保持一致。
适用以下连词连接的并列主语：
- either...or
- neither...nor
- not only...but also
- not...but
- or
Example
- Either you or he is wrong.
- Neither Tom nor his friends are here.
- Not only the students but also the teacher was present.
特殊结构
there be 句型
谓语与 后面的主语 一致（就近一致）。
Example
- There is a book and two pens on the desk.
- There are two pens and a book on the desk.
with, along with, as well as, together with, including
主句谓语与 第一个主语 一致，不受 with 短语影响。
Example
- Tom, as well as his friends, is going.
- The teacher, together with the students, was invited.
定语从句中的主谓一致
定语从句的谓语与 先行词 保持一致。
Example
- He is one of the students who are good at math.（先行词 students，复数）
- He is the only one of the students who is good at math.（先行词 one，单数）
主语为 what 引导的从句
通常接 单数谓语；从句内容明显为复数时接 复数谓语。
Example
- What he said is true.
- What we need are books.