主谓一致
简介
主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)是指 谓语动词 在 人称 和 数 上与 主语 保持一致。
英语主谓一致主要遵循 3 条基本原则:
- 语法一致(Grammatical Concord):谓语与主语在语法形式上一致。
- 意义一致(Notional Concord):谓语与主语的实际意义一致。
- 就近一致(Proximity Concord):谓语与最近的并列主语一致。
语法一致原则
谓语动词与主语的 语法形式 保持一致。
单数主语 + 单数谓语
可数名词的单数、不可数名词、表示单一概念的主语接 单数谓语。
Example
- The book is on the desk.(这本书在桌子上。)
- Water boils at 100°C.(水在 100°C 时沸腾。)
复数主语 + 复数谓语
可数名词的复数接 复数谓语。
Example
- The books are on the desk.(这些书在桌子上。)
- Children like candies.(孩子们喜欢糖果。)
由 and 连接的并列主语
由 and 连接的两个或多个主语通常接 复数谓语。
Example
- Tom and Jerry are good friends.(Tom 和 Jerry 是好朋友。)
但下列情况接 单数谓语:
- 两个主语表示 同一人或同一事物。
- 两个主语构成 一个整体概念。
- 主语前由 each, every 修饰。
Example
- The singer and dancer is my sister.(那位歌手兼舞者是我姐姐。)(同一人)
- Bread and butter is my breakfast.(黄油面包是我的早餐。)(一个整体)
- Every man and woman has the right to vote.(每个人都有投票权。)
不定代词作主语
| 不定代词 | 谓语 |
|---|---|
| each, every, either, neither, one, no one, anyone, someone, nobody, anything, ... | 单数 |
| both, few, many, several | 复数 |
| all, some, most, half, none, plenty of, ... | 根据所指 |
Example
- Each of them has a book.(他们每个人都有一本书。)
- Both of us are tired.(我们俩都累了。)
- All of the water is clean.(所有的水都是干净的。)(不可数)
- All of the students are present.(所有学生都到场了。)(可数复数)
集合名词作主语
| 集合名词 | 谓语 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| family, team, class, group, audience, government, ... | 单数(整体)或复数(成员) | The family is large.(这个家庭很大。) / The family are all teachers.(这家人都是老师。) |
| people, police, cattle, poultry | 复数 | The police are investigating.(警方正在调查。) |
| furniture, equipment, baggage, jewelry | 单数(不可数) | The furniture is new.(家具是新的。) |
意义一致原则
谓语动词与主语的 实际意义 一致,不严格依据语法形式。
表示时间、距离、金额、重量的复数名词
被视为 整体概念,接 单数谓语。
Example
- Ten years is a long time.(十年是很长的时间。)
- Two miles is not far.(两英里不远。)
- Five dollars is enough.(五美元就够了。)
表示书名、剧名、文章标题的复数名词
被视为 单一作品,接 单数谓语。
Example
- The Times is a famous newspaper.(《泰晤士报》是一份著名的报纸。)
- Great Expectations is a novel by Dickens.(《远大前程》是狄更斯的一部小说。)
算术运算
加、减、乘、除的结果接 单数谓语。
Example
- Two plus three is five.(二加三等于五。)
- Six divided by two is three.(六除以二等于三。)
形如复数实为单数的名词
| 名词 | 谓语 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| news | 单数 | The news is good.(这消息不错。) |
| 学科名词:mathematics, physics, economics, ... | 单数 | Mathematics is my favorite.(数学是我的最爱。) |
| 国家名:the United States, the Philippines, ... | 单数 | The United States is large.(美国很大。) |
| 疾病名:measles, mumps, diabetes, ... | 单数 | Measles is infectious.(麻疹会传染。) |
形如单数实为复数的名词
| 名词 | 谓语 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| people, police, cattle, poultry | 复数 | The police are here.(警察来了。) |
| the rich, the poor, the young, the old, ... | 复数 | The rich are not always happy.(富人未必总是幸福。) |
「成对」名词
a pair of 修饰时按 pair 算,接 单数谓语;否则接 复数谓语。
| 名词 |
|---|
| trousers, jeans, glasses, scissors, shoes, ... |
Example
- My glasses are broken.(我的眼镜坏了。)
- A pair of glasses is on the table.(桌上有一副眼镜。)
就近一致原则
谓语动词与 靠近 的主语保持一致。
适用以下连词连接的并列主语:
- either...or
- neither...nor
- not only...but also
- not...but
- or
Example
- Either you or he is wrong.(不是你错就是他错。)
- Neither Tom nor his friends are here.(Tom 和他的朋友都不在。)
- Not only the students but also the teacher was present.(不仅学生们在场,老师也在。)
特殊结构
there be 句型
谓语与 后面的主语 一致(就近一致)。
Example
- There is a book and two pens on the desk.(桌上有一本书和两支笔。)
- There are two pens and a book on the desk.(桌上有两支笔和一本书。)
with, along with, as well as, together with, including
主句谓语与 第一个主语 一致,不受 with 短语影响。
Example
- Tom, as well as his friends, is going.(Tom 和他的朋友们都要去。)
- The teacher, together with the students, was invited.(老师和学生们都受到了邀请。)
定语从句中的主谓一致
定语从句的谓语与 先行词 保持一致。
Example
- He is one of the students who are good at math.(他是擅长数学的学生之一。)(先行词 students,复数)
- He is the only one of the students who is good at math.(他是学生中唯一擅长数学的。)(先行词 one,单数)
主语为 what 引导的从句
通常接 单数谓语;从句内容明显为复数时接 复数谓语。
Example
- What he said is true.(他说的是真的。)
- What we need are books.(我们需要的是书。)