被动

简介

英语语态分为 主动语态 和 被动语态，想要强调什么就把什么放在前面。

时态

被动语态 就是将主动语态句子的宾语提前当主语，并将谓语动词的 do 改为 be done。

完成进行时态 基本不用于被动；此外 将来进行 和 过去将来进行 的被动形式在现代英语中也很少使用，尽管语法上可以构造，但在实际写作和口语中通常避免使用。

时态	一般	进行	完成	完成进行
现在	一般现在时态 do/does am/is/are done	现在进行时态 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done	现在完成时态 have/has done have/has been done	现在完成进行时态 have/has been doing have/has been being done
过去	一般过去时态 did was/were done	过去进行时态 was/were doing was/were being done	过去完成时态 had done had been done	过去完成进行时态 had been doing had been being done
将来	一般将来时态 will do will be done	将来进行时态 will be doing will be being done	将来完成时态 will have done will have been done	将来完成进行时态 will have been doing will have been being done
过去将来	一般过去将来时态 would do would be done	过去将来进行时态 would be doing would be being done	过去将来完成时态 would have done would have been done	过去将来完成进行时态 would have been doing would have been being done

基本句型

对于 $5$ 种 基本句型，显然被动语态需要宾语，因此只有及物动词才有被动语态。

不及物动词

主动语态：主语 + do.

没有宾语，因此没有被动语态。

单及物动词

主动语态：主语 + do + 宾语.

被动语态：宾语 + be done (+ by + 主语).

Example

• She bought a dress. $\to$ A dress was bought by her.

双及物动词

主动语态：主语 + do + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语.

强调间接宾语的被动语态：间接宾语 + be done + 直接宾语 (+ by + 主语).

强调直接宾语的被动语态：直接宾语 + be done + to + 间接宾语 (+ by + 主语).

Example

• I teach you English. $\to$ You are taught English by me. / English is taught to you by me.

复杂及物动词

主动语态：主语 + do + 宾语 + 宾语补语.

被动语态：宾语 + be done + 宾语补语 (+ by + 主语).

Example

• Peter considers you smart. $\to$ You are considered smart by Peter.

连系动词

主动语态：主语 + do + 主语补语（表语）.

没有宾语，因此没有被动语态。

主动 → 被动的转换

将主动语态转换为被动语态的标准步骤：

1. 确定主语：将主动句的 宾语 移至句首作 被动句的主语。
2. 改变谓语：将动词改为 be + 过去分词 形式，保留原时态。
3. 保留状语：原句的状语位置不变。
4. 处理施动者：将主动句的 主语 移至 by 之后（可省略）。

$$\underbrace{\text{Tom}}_{\text{主}}\ \underbrace{\text{wrote}}_{\text{谓}}\ \underbrace{\text{a letter}}_{\text{宾}}\ \underbrace{\text{yesterday}}_{\text{状}} \Rightarrow \underbrace{\text{A letter}}_{\text{主}}\ \underbrace{\text{was written}}_{\text{谓}}\ \underbrace{\text{by Tom}}_{\text{by + 原主}}\ \underbrace{\text{yesterday}}_{\text{状}}$$

Example

• They built this bridge in 1980. $\to$ This bridge was built (by them) in 1980.
• People speak English all over the world. $\to$ English is spoken all over the world.

tip

by + 施动者 在以下情况通常 省略：

• 施动者 不重要 或 泛指（people, someone）。
• 施动者 未知 或 难以说出。
• 施动者 不言而喻。

含情态动词的被动

情态动词后的被动语态结构为 「情态动词 + be + 过去分词」。

时态	结构	示例
一般被动	情态动词 + be done	This can be done easily.
完成被动	情态动词 + have been done	It must have been broken by him.
进行被动	情态动词 + be being done（罕）	The car may be being repaired now.

Example

• The work must be finished before five.
• This problem should be solved immediately.
• The letter may have been sent yesterday.

非谓语的被动

非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）也有 被动形式（详见 非谓语动词）。

非谓语	主动形式	被动形式	示例
不定式	to do	to be done	I want to be helped.
不定式完成式	to have done	to have been done	It seems to have been done.
动名词	doing	being done	He likes being praised.
动名词完成式	having done	having been done	She regretted having been cheated.
现在分词	doing	being done	The boy being punished is my brother.
过去分词	—	done	The book written by him is famous.

tip

• 过去分词 本身就是 被动 / 完成 含义，作定语或状语时无需再变形。
• doing 与 done 作定语：doing 表 主动 / 进行，done 表 被动 / 完成。

Example

• a running boy (主动) vs. a broken window (被动)
• the rising sun (主动) vs. the fallen leaves (被动)

不用被动语态的情况

以下情况 不能 或 不宜 使用被动语态：

不及物动词

不及物动词 没有宾语，不能变被动。常见：appear, happen, occur, exist, arrive, belong to, last, die, rise, fall。

Example

• An accident happened yesterday. ✓
• An accident was happened yesterday. ✗

表示状态的及物动词

以下动词虽然及物，但表 状态 而非 动作，不用 被动语态：have, fit, suit, cost, lack, resemble, contain, equal, weigh, measure。

Example

• This dress fits her well. ✓
• She is fitted by this dress well. ✗
• The book cost me 50 yuan. ✓
• 50 yuan was cost (by) me. ✗

反身代词作宾语

宾语是 反身代词 时不能变被动。

Example

• He hurt himself. ✓
• Himself was hurt by him. ✗

系动词

系动词 后接 表语（非宾语），无被动语态：be, become, seem, look, feel, taste, sound, smell, remain。

易错点

主动形式表被动

部分动词 / 句型用 主动形式 表达 被动含义：

类别	示例
系动词 + 形容词	The cake tastes good.
need / want / require + doing	The window needs cleaning. (= needs to be cleaned)
主语 + 不及物动词 + well / easily	This book sells well. (畅销)
be + to do（主动表被动）	The work is to be done today. (也可用 be to do 表被动)

Example

• The pen writes smoothly. (笔写起来流畅)
• The book reads well. (这本书读起来不错)

get-passive

口语中常用 get + 过去分词 代替 be + 过去分词，强调 动作 / 突发 而非 状态。

Example

• He got hurt in the accident. (强调动作)
• He was hurt in the accident. (可强调状态)

动作被动 vs 状态被动

• 动作被动：强调 动作过程，常用 be + done + by 施动者。
• 状态被动：强调 结果状态，过去分词此时近似 表语形容词。

Example

• The window was broken by him. (动作被动)
• The window is broken. (状态被动，说明窗户现在是坏的)

主谓一致

被动句的 be 动词 与 新主语（原宾语）保持 数 的一致。

Example

• The books were written by him. (主语复数，be 复数)
• The book was written by him. (主语单数，be 单数)

思维导图