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倒装

简介

倒装(Inversion)是将 谓语谓语的一部分 提到 主语 之前的语序结构,以表达 强调疑问条件修辞效果

按提前部分的多少可分为 2 类:

  • 完全倒装(Full Inversion):整个谓语动词提到主语前。
  • 部分倒装(Partial Inversion):助动词、情态动词或 be 提到主语前,实义动词保持原位。
正常语序:主语+谓语+其他\text{正常语序:主语}+\text{谓语}+\text{其他} 完全倒装:谓语+主语+其他\text{完全倒装:谓语}+\text{主语}+\text{其他} 部分倒装:助动词+主语+实义动词+其他\text{部分倒装:助动词}+\text{主语}+\text{实义动词}+\text{其他}

完全倒装

完全倒装整个谓语 提到主语前,常见于以下场合。

地点状语提前

地点状语方位副词 置于句首,且谓语为 不及物动词 时,使用完全倒装。

常见方位副词:here, there, in, out, up, down, away, off, back, …

Example
  • Here comes the bus.(公交车来了。)Here the bus comes.
  • There goes the bell.(铃响了。)
  • In the room sat an old man.(房间里坐着一位老人。)
  • Down came the rain.(雨落了下来。)
tip

主语为 代词 时不倒装。

Example
  • Here he comes.(他来了。)Here comes he.

there be 句型

there be 句型本身就是倒装结构。

Example
  • There is a book on the desk.(桌上有一本书。)
  • There are many students in the classroom.(教室里有许多学生。)

表语提前

表语 + 系动词 + 主语 的句型。

Example
  • Gone are the days when we were poor.(我们贫穷的日子一去不复返了。)
  • Such was the situation that no one dared to speak.(情况如此,没人敢开口。)

部分倒装

部分倒装 仅将 助动词情态动词 提前,常见于以下场合。

疑问句

最常见的部分倒装形式。

Example
  • Do you like music?(你喜欢音乐吗?)
  • Can you swim?(你会游泳吗?)
  • Have you finished?(你做完了吗?)

否定副词置于句首

否定意义的副词或短语置于句首时,必须使用部分倒装。

常见否定副词:never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, little, no sooner, not only, not until, in no way, on no account, under no circumstances, …

Example
  • Never have I seen such a beautiful sight.(我从未见过如此美丽的景象。)
  • Hardly had I sat down when the phone rang.(我刚坐下电话就响了。)
  • No sooner had I arrived than it began to rain.(我一到就下起了雨。)
  • Not until he came did I know the truth.(直到他来我才知道真相。)
tip

Not until + 时间状语 置于句首,主句倒装,not until 从句不倒装

only 引导的状语置于句首

only + 状语 置于句首,主句倒装。

Example
  • Only then did I realize my mistake.(直到那时我才意识到自己的错误。)
  • Only by working hard can we succeed.(只有努力我们才能成功。)
  • Only when he arrived did the meeting begin.(直到他到场会议才开始。)
tip

only + 主语 不倒装,因为 only 修饰主语,不是状语。

Example
  • Only Tom knows the answer.(只有 Tom 知道答案。)Only Tom does know

so / neither / nor 引导的句子

表示 「也(不)」 的句子用部分倒装。

句型示例
So + 助动词 + 主语He is tired. So am I.(他累了。我也累了。)
Neither/Nor + 助动词 + 主语He can't swim. Neither can I.(他不会游泳。我也不会。)
tip

so + 主语 + 助动词 不倒装,表示 「的确如此」

Example
  • He is tall. So am I.(他很高。我也是。)
  • He is tall. So he is.(他确实很高,的确如此。)

虚拟条件句省略 if

if 省略时,were, had, should 提到主语前(详见 动词语气)。

Example
  • Were I you, I would go.(如果我是你,我会去。)
  • Had I known, I would have come.(早知道我就来了。)
  • Should it rain, we would cancel.(万一下雨,我们就取消。)

so/such...that 句型

so + 形容词/副词such + 名词 置于句首时倒装。

Example
  • So angry was he that he couldn't speak.(他气得说不出话来。)
  • Such a heavy box was it that I couldn't lift it.(箱子太重,我搬不动。)

as / though 引导让步状语从句

形容词 / 副词 / 名词 + as / though 表示让步。

Example
  • Tired as he was, he kept working.(尽管他很累,仍继续工作。)
  • Child as he is, he knows a lot.(尽管还是个孩子,他懂得很多。)

表达祝愿的 may

句首 may 表示祝愿,要倒装。

Example
  • May you succeed!(愿你成功!)
  • May God bless you!(愿上帝保佑你!)

句首 well, often, many a time 等

少数表 频率 的副词或短语置于句首可倒装(书面语)。

Example
  • Many a time has he helped me.(他多次帮助过我。)

易错点

主谓一致

倒装后 主语数 决定谓语形式(详见 主谓一致)。

Example
  • Here is a book.(这里有一本书。)(单数)
  • Here are the books.(这些书在这里。)(复数)

与强调结构区分

强调结构 It is...that... 不是倒装(详见 强调)。

Example
  • It was Tom that called me.(是 Tom 给我打的电话。)(强调结构)
  • Never have I met such a person.(我从未见过这样的人。)(倒装)

思维导图