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省略

简介​

省略（Ellipsis）是为避免重复或简化结构，省去句中 可以补出 的成分。

省略遵循 22 条基本原则：

  • 省略部分必须 能从上下文准确还原。
  • 省略后 不影响语义。

省略在 口语、对话、并列句、比较句、条件句 中尤为常见。

简单句中的省略​

祈使句省略主语​

祈使句默认主语为 you，通常省略。

Example
  • (You) Close the door.
  • (You) Be quiet!

对话中的省略​

口语中常省略 主语、助动词、系动词 等。

Example
  • (Are you) Ready?
  • (I) Got it.
  • (Do you) Want some coffee?

应答中的省略​

简短回答常省略大部分成分。

Example
  • — Are you tired? — Yes, (I am) a little (tired).
  • — Who broke the window? — Tom (did).

并列句中的省略​

并列句中相同的成分通常省略，避免重复。

省略主语​

后一分句的主语与前句相同，且由 and, but, or 连接时可省略。

Example
  • He came in and (he) sat down.
  • She is tired but (she) refuses to rest.

省略谓语​

谓语相同时，常省略并用 so / too / either / neither / nor 替代（详见 倒装）。

Example
  • I like coffee, and he does too.
  • I can't swim, and neither can he.

省略宾语​

并列谓语共享同一宾语时，宾语只出现一次。

Example
  • She bought and (she) read the book.

复合句中的省略​

状语从句中的省略​

when, while, if, unless, though, although, as, until 等引导的状语从句，主从句主语一致 且 从句谓语含 be 动词 时，可同时省略 主语和 be 动词。

Example
  • When (he was) young, he lived in Hangzhou.
  • If (you are) free, come to see me.
  • Although (he was) tired, he kept working.
  • Once (it is) printed, the page cannot be edited.

定语从句中的省略​

关系代词作宾语 时可省略。

Example
  • The book (which/that) I read is interesting.
  • The man (whom) I met is my uncle.

关系代词 + be 在某些结构中可同时省略。

Example
  • The book (which is) on the desk is mine.
  • The students (who are) playing football are my friends.

宾语从句中的省略​

引导词 that 通常可省略（详见 从句）。

Example
  • I know (that) he is right.

不定式中的省略​

不定式 to do 中，do 可省略只保留 to。

常见于 want, hope, like, plan, mean, try, have, used, ought, … 后。

Example
  • — Would you like to go? — Yes, I'd like to.
  • I didn't go because I didn't want to.

但下列动词后 to 也省略：

  • 情态动词后：can, may, must, …
  • 部分动词后：let, make, help, …
Example
  • — Can you swim? — Yes, I can.

特殊省略结构​

比较句中的省略​

than 和 as...as 之后的比较从句常省略相同成分。

Example
  • He is taller than I (am).
  • She works as hard as he (does).
  • This book is more interesting than that one (is).

感叹句中的省略​

感叹句的 主语 + be 可省略。

Example
  • What a beautiful day (it is)!
  • How clever (he is)!

so / not 替代从句​

think, believe, hope, suppose, expect, guess, … 后可用 so / not 替代整个宾语从句。

句型示例
think + so / notI think so. / I think not.
Example
  • — Will it rain tomorrow? — I think so. / I hope not.

if any, if ever 等省略​

if + 主语 + be / do 中的主语和动词可省略，仅保留连词。

Example
  • Correct mistakes, if any. (if there are any)
  • He seldom, if ever, complains. (if he ever does)

易错点​

省略不可造成歧义​

省略后必须能 唯一还原，否则不可省略。

Example
  • I bought books, and Tom (bought) magazines. (可省，意义清晰)

不同主语不可省略​

两分句主语不同时，主语 不可省略。

Example
  • He came in and he sat down. (可省 he)
  • He came in and she sat down. (she 不可省)

be 动词只在特定从句省略​

when / if / though / unless / once 等引导从句时，省略 主语 + be 需 主从句主语一致。

Example
  • When (he was) young, he... ✓
  • When young, the books were interesting. ✗ (主语不一致)

思维导图​