从句
简介
从句(Subordinate Clause)是 不能独立成句、必须依附主句存在的结构。
从句本身包含 主语 和 谓语,但充当主句的某个成分。
按 语法功能 可分为 3 大类:
- 名词性从句:在主句中充当 名词 的位置(主语、宾语、表语、同位语)。
- 形容词性从句:又称 定语从句,修饰名词或代词。
- 副词性从句:又称 状语从句,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个主句。
名词性从句
名词性从句(Nominal Clause)在主句中占据名词的句法位置。
按功能可分为 5 种:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、宾语补语从句、同位语从句。
引导词
| 引导词类型 | 常见引导词 |
|---|---|
| 从属连词 | that, whether, if |
| 连接代词 | who, whom, whose, what, which |
| 连接副词 | when, where, why, how |
引导词的选择规则:
- that:陈述意义,不充当从句成分。
- whether / if:「是否」之意,if 只用于宾语从句。
- wh- 类:表 疑问意义,在从句中充当成分。
主语从句
主语从句 充当主句的主语。
直接置于句首,或用 形式主语 it 替代,真正从句后置。
- That he is honest is well-known.(他很诚实这一点众所周知。)
- It is well-known that he is honest.(他很诚实这一点众所周知。)(更常用)
- What he said surprised us.(他所说的话让我们感到惊讶。)
形式主语句型常见结构:
| 句型 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| It is + 形容词 + that | It is clear that he is right.(很明显他是对的。) |
| It is + 名词 + that | It is a pity that you can't come.(很遗憾你不能来。) |
| It seems / happens that | It seems that he is angry.(他似乎生气了。) |
宾语从句
宾语从句 充当 动词 或 介词 的宾语。
- I know that he is right.(我知道他是对的。)
- I wonder whether she will come.(我想知道她是否会来。)
- I am sure of what he said.(我对他所说的话很确信。)
引导词 that 在宾语从句中通常可省略,但下列情况不可省略:
- 多个并列宾语从句中的 第二个及之后。
- 主句和从句之间隔有其他成分。
- that 引导的主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。
- He said that he was tired and that he wanted to rest.(他说他累了,想休息。)
时态呼应
主句为 过去时态 时,宾语从句通常使用 相应的过去时态。
| 主句 | 从句变化 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | 一般过去 | He said he was ill.(他说他病了。) |
| 现在完成 | 过去完成 | He said he had finished.(他说他已经完成了。) |
| 一般将来 | 过去将来 | He said he would come.(他说他会来。) |
从句陈述 客观真理、自然规律、习惯动作 时,不受主句时态影响,始终用 一般现在时态。
- The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.(老师说地球绕着太阳转。)
表语从句
表语从句 充当主句的表语,置于 连系动词 之后。
- The truth is that he lied.(事实是他撒谎了。)
- The question is whether we should go.(问题是我们是否该去。)
- This is what I want.(这就是我想要的。)
宾语补语从句
宾语补语从句 充当宾语补语,常见于 make, find, think, consider 等动词后。
- We considered it strange that he didn't come.(我们觉得他没来很奇怪。)
- I find it difficult to understand him.(我觉得理解他很难。)
同位语从句
同位语从句 跟在 抽象名词 后,对该名词进行 解释或说明。
常接同位语从句的名词:fact, news, idea, belief, hope, suggestion, doubt, opinion, …
- The news that he won the prize spread quickly.(他获奖的消息很快传开了。)
- I have no doubt that he is honest.(我毫不怀疑他是诚实的。)
同位语从句 vs. 定语从句
| 类型 | 引导词 that 在从句中作用 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 同位语从句 | 不作成分(解释名词) | The fact that he lied is clear.(他撒谎这一事实很清楚。) |
| 定语从句 | 充当从句成分(修饰名词) | The fact that he told us is clear.(他告诉我们的那个事实很清楚。) |
形容词性从句
形容词性从句(Adjective Clause),又称 定语从句(Relative Clause),用于修饰 名词 或 代词。
被修饰的词称为 先行词(Antecedent)。
引导词
| 引导词类型 | 常见词 | 在从句中的作用 |
|---|---|---|
| 关系代词 | who, whom, whose, which, that, as | 充当主语、宾语、定语 |
| 关系副词 | when, where, why | 充当状语 |
| 引导词 | 适用先行词 | 在从句中作用 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语、宾语 | The man who came is my uncle.(来的那个人是我叔叔。) |
| whom | 人 | 宾语 | The man whom I met is my uncle.(我遇到的那个人是我叔叔。) |
| whose | 人 / 物 | 定语 | The boy whose father is a doctor.(父亲是医生的那个男孩。) |
| which | 物 | 主语、宾语 | The book which I read.(我读的那本书。) |
| that | 人 / 物 | 主语、宾语 | The man that came / The book that I read.(来的那个人 / 我读的那本书。) |
| when | 表时间名词 | 时间状语 | The day when I met him.(我遇到他的那天。) |
| where | 表地点名词 | 地点状语 | The place where I live.(我住的那个地方。) |
| why | reason | 原因状语 | The reason why I came.(我来的原因。) |
限制性 vs. 非限制性
| 类型 | 特征 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 限制性定语从句 | 修饰先行词不可缺,无逗号 | The boy who is reading is my brother.(正在读书的那个男孩是我弟弟。) |
| 非限制性定语从句 | 补充说明,用逗号隔开 | My father, who is a doctor, is busy.(我父亲是医生,他很忙。) |
非限制性定语从句 不能用 that 引导。
关系代词 that 与 which 的选择
下列情况只能用 that:
- 先行词被 最高级、序数词、all, every, no, any, only 等修饰。
- 先行词为 不定代词(something, anything, nothing, all, everything)。
- 先行词同时包含 人和物。
- This is the best book that I have ever read.(这是我读过的最好的书。)
- All that glitters is not gold.(闪光的未必都是金子。)
下列情况只能用 which:
- 引导 非限制性定语从句。
- 介词后置时(in which, of which)。
介词 + 关系代词
介词可前置或后置。
- 前置:only with whom, in which 等。
- 后置:whom...with, that...in 等。
- The man with whom I spoke is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)
- The man whom I spoke with is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)
- The man that I spoke with is my uncle.(和我交谈的那个人是我叔叔。)(介词后置,可用 that)
副词性从句
副词性从句(Adverbial Clause),又称 状语从句,用于修饰 动词、形容词、副词 或 整个主句。
按语义可分为 9 类,引导词详见 连词。
时间状语从句
引导词:when, while, as, before, after, since, until / till, as soon as, once, …
- I will call you when I arrive.(我到了就给你打电话。)
- He waited until she came back.(他一直等到她回来。)
时间状语从句中,主将从现:主句用 将来时态,从句用 一般现在时态 替代将来时态。
- I will leave when he comes.(他来的时候我就走。)
when he will come
地点状语从句
引导词:where, wherever。
- Sit wherever you like.(你想坐哪就坐哪。)
- I will go where you go.(你去哪我就去哪。)
原因状语从句
引导词:because, since, as, for, now that, seeing that。
- I stayed home because it rained.(因为下雨我待在家里。)
目的状语从句
引导词:so that, in order that, lest, for fear that。
从句常用 may, might, should + 动词原形。
- Speak loudly so that everyone may hear.(大声说,好让大家都能听见。)
结果状语从句
引导词:so...that, such...that, so that。
- He is so tired that he can't walk.(他累得走不动了。)
- It is such a heavy box that I can't lift it.(这箱子重得我搬不动。)
条件状语从句
引导词:if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case。
主将从现:主句将来时态,从句一般现在时态。
- I will go if it doesn't rain.(如果不下雨我就去。)
让步状语从句
引导词:though, although, even if, even though, while, whereas, no matter wh-, whatever, however, …
- Although it is raining, we'll go.(尽管在下雨,我们还是会去。)
- However hard he tries, he can't succeed.(无论他多么努力,都无法成功。)
方式状语从句
引导词:as, as if, as though。
as if / as though 可用 虚拟语气(详见 动词语气)。
- Do as I say.(照我说的做。)
- He talks as if he knew everything.(他说起话来好像什么都懂。)
比较状语从句
引导词:than, as...as, the more...the more。
- He is taller than I am.(他比我高。)
- The harder you work, the more you gain.(你越努力,收获越多。)