独立主格
简介
独立主格(Absolute Construction)是由 名词 / 代词 与 非谓语动词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 构成的 逻辑主谓结构。
独立主格在句中作 状语,逻辑主语 不同于 主句主语,故称「独立」。
独立主格在结构上 不是从句(无谓语动词),但在功能上 等价于状语从句。
基本形式
按逻辑谓语的形式可分为 6 种。
名词 / 代词 + 现在分词
逻辑主语与逻辑谓语为 主动 关系。
Example
- Weather permitting, we'll have a picnic.(天气允许的话,我们就去野餐。)
- The sun rising, we set out.(太阳升起,我们便出发了。)
- Time permitting, I will visit you.(时间允许的话,我会去看你。)
名词 / 代词 + 过去分词
逻辑主语与逻辑谓语为 被动 或 完成 关系。
Example
- The work done, they went home.(工作做完了,他们就回家了。)
- His homework finished, he watched TV.(作业写完后,他看了电视。)
- All things considered, your plan is best.(综合考虑,你的方案最好。)
名词 / 代词 + 形容词
形容词描述逻辑主语的 状态。
Example
- He sat there, his face red with anger.(他坐在那里,气得满脸通红。)
- She fell asleep, the lamp still on.(她睡着了,灯还亮着。)
名词 / 代词 + 副词
副词表示位置、方向等。
Example
- The meeting over, everyone left.(会议结束,大家都离开了。)
- Class over, students rushed out.(下课后,学生们冲了出去。)
名词 / 代词 + 介词短语
介词短语描述逻辑主语的 状态 或 位置。
Example
- He stood there, his hands in his pockets.(他站在那里,双手插在口袋里。)
- She walked in, a book under her arm.(她走了进来,腋下夹着一本书。)
名词 / 代词 + 不定式
不定式表示 将来动作。
Example
- So much work to do, I cannot rest.(有那么多工作要做,我无法休息。)
- A lot of things to attend to, I had to stay up late.(有很多事要处理,我只好熬夜。)
with / without 复合结构
由 with / without 引导的复合结构是独立主格的常见形式。
宾语补语可以是 现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式 或 名词。
| 宾语补语形式 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 现在分词 | with the sun shining brightly(阳光灿烂地照着) |
| 过去分词 | with the work done(工作已完成) |
| 形容词 | with his eyes wide open(他睁大着眼睛) |
| 副词 | with the light on(灯开着) |
| 介词短语 | with a book in his hand(手里拿着一本书) |
| 不定式 | with so much work to do(有那么多工作要做) |
| 名词 | with him as my friend(有他作为我的朋友) |
Example
- With the sun shining brightly, we set off.(阳光灿烂,我们便出发了。)
- With the door closed, the room was quiet.(门关着,房间里很安静。)
- He sat there with his eyes closed.(他闭着眼睛坐在那里。)
- With so many problems to solve, I felt stressed.(有那么多问题要解决,我感到压力很大。)
tip
with 结构和 without 结构在语法上完全对称,只是语义相反。
Example
- Without anyone noticing, he slipped out.(没有人注意,他悄悄溜了出去。)
句法功能
独立主格在主句中充当 状语,可表示 时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式 等。
时间状语
Example
- The lecture being over, we left the hall.(讲座结束,我们离开了礼堂。)
原因状语
Example
- The weather being fine, we went swimming.(天气晴朗,我们去游泳了。)
- There being no taxi, we had to walk home.(没有出租车,我们只好走回家。)
条件状语
Example
- Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow.(天气允许的话,我们明天就动身。)
- Other things being equal, this one is the best.(其他条件相同的话,这个是最好的。)
伴随状语
Example
- He stood at the door, his hands behind his back.(他站在门口,双手背在身后。)
- She came in, a baby in her arms.(她走了进来,怀里抱着一个婴儿。)
方式状语
Example
- He walked away, his head held high.(他昂首离去。)
易错点
与状语从句的区别
| 类型 | 逻辑主语 | 谓语形式 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 状语从句 | 从句主语 | 谓语动词 | When the rain stopped, we left.(雨停后,我们就离开了。) |
| 独立主格 | 名词 / 代词 | 非谓语等 | The rain stopping, we left.(雨停了,我们就离开了。) |
与分词状语的区别
| 类型 | 逻辑主语 |
|---|---|
| 分词状语 | 与主句主语 一致 |
| 独立主格 | 与主句主语 不一致,自带主语 |
Example
- Walking down the street, I met an old friend.(走在街上,我遇到了一位老朋友。)(分词状语,I 走街上)
- The street being crowded, I had to walk slowly.(街上很拥挤,我只好慢慢走。)(独立主格,街拥挤)
there being 结构
there is 句型的非谓语形式为 there being,常作独立主格。
Example
- There being no time left, we had to hurry.(没有时间了,我们只好赶快。)
- There being a flood, the road was closed.(发了洪水,道路被封了。)
it being 结构
it is 句型的非谓语形式为 it being。
Example
- It being late, we went home.(天晚了,我们就回家了。)
- It being rainy, the game was cancelled.(天下雨,比赛取消了。)