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独立主格

简介​

独立主格（Absolute Construction）是由 名词 / 代词 与 非谓语动词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 构成的 逻辑主谓结构。

独立主格在句中作 状语，逻辑主语 不同于 主句主语，故称「独立」。

逻辑主语⏟名词 / 代词+非谓语 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语⏟逻辑谓语\underbrace{\text{逻辑主语}}_{\text{名词 / 代词}} + \underbrace{\text{非谓语 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语}}_{\text{逻辑谓语}}

独立主格在结构上 不是从句（无谓语动词），但在功能上 等价于状语从句。

基本形式​

按逻辑谓语的形式可分为 66 种。

名词 / 代词 + 现在分词​

逻辑主语与逻辑谓语为 主动 关系。

Example
  • Weather permitting, we'll have a picnic.
  • The sun rising, we set out.
  • Time permitting, I will visit you.

名词 / 代词 + 过去分词​

逻辑主语与逻辑谓语为 被动 或 完成 关系。

Example
  • The work done, they went home.
  • His homework finished, he watched TV.
  • All things considered, your plan is best.

名词 / 代词 + 形容词​

形容词描述逻辑主语的 状态。

Example
  • He sat there, his face red with anger.
  • She fell asleep, the lamp still on.

名词 / 代词 + 副词​

副词表示位置、方向等。

Example
  • The meeting over, everyone left.
  • Class over, students rushed out.

名词 / 代词 + 介词短语​

介词短语描述逻辑主语的 状态 或 位置。

Example
  • He stood there, his hands in his pockets.
  • She walked in, a book under her arm.

名词 / 代词 + 不定式​

不定式表示 将来动作。

Example
  • So much work to do, I cannot rest.
  • A lot of things to attend to, I had to stay up late.

with / without 复合结构​

由 with / without 引导的复合结构是独立主格的常见形式。

with / without+宾语+宾语补语\text{with / without} + \text{宾语} + \text{宾语补语}

宾语补语可以是 现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式 或 名词。

宾语补语形式示例
现在分词with the sun shining brightly
过去分词with the work done
形容词with his eyes wide open
副词with the light on
介词短语with a book in his hand
不定式with so much work to do
名词with him as my friend
Example
  • With the sun shining brightly, we set off.
  • With the door closed, the room was quiet.
  • He sat there with his eyes closed.
  • With so many problems to solve, I felt stressed.
tip

with 结构和 without 结构在语法上完全对称，只是语义相反。

Example
  • Without anyone noticing, he slipped out.

句法功能​

独立主格在主句中充当 状语，可表示 时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式 等。

时间状语​

Example
  • The lecture being over, we left the hall.

原因状语​

Example
  • The weather being fine, we went swimming.
  • There being no taxi, we had to walk home.

条件状语​

Example
  • Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow.
  • Other things being equal, this one is the best.

伴随状语​

Example
  • He stood at the door, his hands behind his back.
  • She came in, a baby in her arms.

方式状语​

Example
  • He walked away, his head held high.

易错点​

与状语从句的区别​

类型逻辑主语谓语形式示例
状语从句从句主语谓语动词When the rain stopped, we left.
独立主格名词 / 代词非谓语等The rain stopping, we left.

与分词状语的区别​

类型逻辑主语
分词状语与主句主语 一致
独立主格与主句主语 不一致，自带主语
Example
  • Walking down the street, I met an old friend. (分词状语，I 走街上)
  • The street being crowded, I had to walk slowly. (独立主格，街拥挤)

there being 结构​

there is 句型的非谓语形式为 there being，常作独立主格。

Example
  • There being no time left, we had to hurry.
  • There being a flood, the road was closed.

it being 结构​

it is 句型的非谓语形式为 it being。

Example
  • It being late, we went home.
  • It being rainy, the game was cancelled.

思维导图​