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独立主格

简介

独立主格(Absolute Construction)是由 名词 / 代词非谓语动词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 构成的 逻辑主谓结构

独立主格在句中作 状语,逻辑主语 不同于 主句主语,故称「独立」。

逻辑主语名词 / 代词+非谓语 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语逻辑谓语\underbrace{\text{逻辑主语}}_{\text{名词 / 代词}}+\underbrace{\text{非谓语 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语}}_{\text{逻辑谓语}}

独立主格在结构上 不是从句(无谓语动词),但在功能上 等价于状语从句

基本形式

按逻辑谓语的形式可分为 6 种。

名词 / 代词 + 现在分词

逻辑主语与逻辑谓语为 主动 关系。

Example
  • Weather permitting, we'll have a picnic.(天气允许的话,我们就去野餐。)
  • The sun rising, we set out.(太阳升起,我们便出发了。)
  • Time permitting, I will visit you.(时间允许的话,我会去看你。)

名词 / 代词 + 过去分词

逻辑主语与逻辑谓语为 被动完成 关系。

Example
  • The work done, they went home.(工作做完了,他们就回家了。)
  • His homework finished, he watched TV.(作业写完后,他看了电视。)
  • All things considered, your plan is best.(综合考虑,你的方案最好。)

名词 / 代词 + 形容词

形容词描述逻辑主语的 状态

Example
  • He sat there, his face red with anger.(他坐在那里,气得满脸通红。)
  • She fell asleep, the lamp still on.(她睡着了,灯还亮着。)

名词 / 代词 + 副词

副词表示位置、方向等。

Example
  • The meeting over, everyone left.(会议结束,大家都离开了。)
  • Class over, students rushed out.(下课后,学生们冲了出去。)

名词 / 代词 + 介词短语

介词短语描述逻辑主语的 状态位置

Example
  • He stood there, his hands in his pockets.(他站在那里,双手插在口袋里。)
  • She walked in, a book under her arm.(她走了进来,腋下夹着一本书。)

名词 / 代词 + 不定式

不定式表示 将来动作

Example
  • So much work to do, I cannot rest.(有那么多工作要做,我无法休息。)
  • A lot of things to attend to, I had to stay up late.(有很多事要处理,我只好熬夜。)

with / without 复合结构

with / without 引导的复合结构是独立主格的常见形式。

with / without+宾语+宾语补语\text{with / without}+\text{宾语}+\text{宾语补语}

宾语补语可以是 现在分词过去分词形容词副词介词短语不定式名词

宾语补语形式示例
现在分词with the sun shining brightly(阳光灿烂地照着)
过去分词with the work done(工作已完成)
形容词with his eyes wide open(他睁大着眼睛)
副词with the light on(灯开着)
介词短语with a book in his hand(手里拿着一本书)
不定式with so much work to do(有那么多工作要做)
名词with him as my friend(有他作为我的朋友)
Example
  • With the sun shining brightly, we set off.(阳光灿烂,我们便出发了。)
  • With the door closed, the room was quiet.(门关着,房间里很安静。)
  • He sat there with his eyes closed.(他闭着眼睛坐在那里。)
  • With so many problems to solve, I felt stressed.(有那么多问题要解决,我感到压力很大。)
tip

with 结构和 without 结构在语法上完全对称,只是语义相反。

Example
  • Without anyone noticing, he slipped out.(没有人注意,他悄悄溜了出去。)

句法功能

独立主格在主句中充当 状语,可表示 时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式 等。

时间状语

Example
  • The lecture being over, we left the hall.(讲座结束,我们离开了礼堂。)

原因状语

Example
  • The weather being fine, we went swimming.(天气晴朗,我们去游泳了。)
  • There being no taxi, we had to walk home.(没有出租车,我们只好走回家。)

条件状语

Example
  • Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow.(天气允许的话,我们明天就动身。)
  • Other things being equal, this one is the best.(其他条件相同的话,这个是最好的。)

伴随状语

Example
  • He stood at the door, his hands behind his back.(他站在门口,双手背在身后。)
  • She came in, a baby in her arms.(她走了进来,怀里抱着一个婴儿。)

方式状语

Example
  • He walked away, his head held high.(他昂首离去。)

易错点

与状语从句的区别

类型逻辑主语谓语形式示例
状语从句从句主语谓语动词When the rain stopped, we left.(雨停后,我们就离开了。)
独立主格名词 / 代词非谓语等The rain stopping, we left.(雨停了,我们就离开了。)

与分词状语的区别

类型逻辑主语
分词状语与主句主语 一致
独立主格与主句主语 不一致,自带主语
Example
  • Walking down the street, I met an old friend.(走在街上,我遇到了一位老朋友。)(分词状语,I 走街上)
  • The street being crowded, I had to walk slowly.(街上很拥挤,我只好慢慢走。)(独立主格,街拥挤)

there being 结构

there is 句型的非谓语形式为 there being,常作独立主格。

Example
  • There being no time left, we had to hurry.(没有时间了,我们只好赶快。)
  • There being a flood, the road was closed.(发了洪水,道路被封了。)

it being 结构

it is 句型的非谓语形式为 it being

Example
  • It being late, we went home.(天晚了,我们就回家了。)
  • It being rainy, the game was cancelled.(天下雨,比赛取消了。)

思维导图