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介词

简介

介词(Preposition)是用在 名词代词名词性结构 之前,表示其与句子其他成分关系的虚词。

preposition介词=pre之前+position位置\underbrace{\text{preposition}}_{\text{介词}} =\underbrace{\text{pre}}_{\text{在……之前}} +\underbrace{\text{position}}_{\text{位置}}

介词不能单独充当句子成分,必须与后面的 宾语(名词、代词、动名词等)组成 介词短语

按语义可分为 44 类:时间介词方位介词方式介词其他介词

时间介词

on & at & in

介词用法示例
at时刻 / 某一时间点at 8 o'clock, at noon
on具体某一天 / 日期on Monday, on May 1st
in较长时段(月 / 年 / 季节 / 世纪)in May, in 2026, in summer
tip

记忆口诀:at 小(点)、on 中(天)、in 大(段)

after & before

  • before:在……之前。
  • after:在……之后。

二者既可作介词(后接名词),也可作连词(后接从句)。

Example
  • I will leave before noon.
  • We had dinner after the meeting.

for & during

  • for + 时段:表示动作 持续的时间长度
  • during + 时间名词:表示动作 发生在某段时间内
Example
  • I have lived here for ten years.
  • He fell asleep during the meeting.

since & from

  • since + 时间点:从过去某时 持续至今,常与 完成时态 连用。
  • from + 时间点:仅表示 起始,不强调持续。
Example
  • I have studied English since 2015.
  • The shop is open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.

by & till & until

  • by不晚于,强调最迟期限。
  • till / until直到,强调持续到某一时刻。
Example
  • Finish the report by Friday. (最迟周五前完成)
  • I waited until midnight. (一直等到午夜)
tip

tilluntil 语义几乎一致,但 until 更正式,可用于句首。

方位介词

in & at & on & to

介词用法示例
in在某空间 / 范围内in the room
at在某具体地点 / 点at the door
on在……表面 / 接触on the desk
to朝向 / 到达某地go to school

between & among

  • between:在 两者 之间,或在 可区分的多者 之间。
  • among:在 三者及以上(看作整体)之间。
Example
  • The book is between Tom and Jerry.
  • He sat among the crowd.

above & over & below & under

介词用法示例
above在……上方(不接触,泛指)The bird flew above us.
over在……正上方(垂直 / 覆盖)A lamp hangs over the table.
below在……下方(不接触,泛指)See the note below the picture.
under在……正下方(垂直 / 覆盖)The cat is under the chair.

across & over & through & past

介词用法示例
across表面 穿过 / 横过walk across the street
over上方 越过jump over the wall
through内部 穿过walk through the forest
past旁边 经过walk past the school

behind & beside & inside & outside

介词用法示例
behind在……后面The cat is behind the door.
beside在……旁边(紧邻)Sit beside me.
inside在……里面inside the box
outside在……外面outside the house
tip
  • beside = next to(旁边)
  • besides = in addition to(除……之外,还)

两个词形相近但语义不同,注意区分。

方式介词

in

表示 语言材料形式穿着 等。

Example
  • speak in English
  • written in ink
  • pay in cash
  • the girl in red

with

表示 使用工具伴随

Example
  • cut with a knife
  • write with a pen
  • coffee with sugar

on

表示 媒介方式

Example
  • on foot, on TV, on the radio, on the phone

by

表示 方式手段,后接 零冠词 名词。

Example
  • by bus, by train, by email, by mistake
tip

「步行」用 on foot,不用 by foot

其他介词

with

  • 伴随:a girl with long hair
  • 工具:write with a pen
  • 关于:be patient with children

for

  • 目的:a gift for you
  • 原因:thank you for your help
  • 时长:study for two hours
  • 支持:vote for him

without

表示 没有

Example
  • He left without saying a word.
  • Life without music is dull.

to

  • 方向:go to school
  • 对象:give it to me
  • 时间终点:from 9 to 5
  • 比较:prefer tea to coffee

from

  • 起源:a letter from Tom
  • 起点:from Monday to Friday
  • 来源:made from wood
tip
  • made of + 材料(看得出原料):The desk is made of wood.
  • made from + 材料(看不出原料):Paper is made from wood.

about

  • 关于:a book about physics
  • 大约:about twenty people

against

  • 反对:vote against the plan
  • 靠着:lean against the wall

of

表示 所属关于构成

Example
  • the cover of the book
  • a story of love
  • a cup of tea

介词的位置

介词通常位于其宾语之前,但在以下情况可后置:

情况示例
特殊疑问句What are you looking at?
定语从句The man (whom) I spoke to is my uncle.
被动语态He is well taken care of.
不定式短语I need a pen to write with.

思维导图