副词

简介

副词（Adverb）是用来修饰 动词、形容词、其他副词 或 整个句子 的词，表示动作或状态的方式、时间、地点、程度、频率、语气等。

$$\underbrace{\text{adverb}}_{\text{副词}} =\underbrace{\text{ad}}_{\text{加于}} +\underbrace{\text{verb}}_{\text{动词}}$$

按语义分类

类型	常见副词	示例
方式	quickly, slowly, well, badly, carefully	She sings beautifully.
时间	now, then, soon, today, yesterday, already	He left yesterday.
地点	here, there, everywhere, abroad, inside	Come here.
频率	always, usually, often, sometimes, never	I always drink tea.
程度	very, quite, too, almost, hardly, rather	It is too late.
疑问	when, where, why, how	Where are you going?
关系	when, where, why（引导从句）	The day when we met.
连接	however, therefore, besides, otherwise	It rained; however, we went.

构成

由形容词加 -ly

大多数副词由形容词加 -ly 构成。

1. 一般情况：直接加 -ly。
2. 特殊规则（为保持发音或拼写规律）。
   1. 以「辅音+y」结尾：将 y 改为 i，再加 -ly。
   2. 以 -le 结尾：去 e 再加 -y。
   3. 以 -ic 结尾：加 -ally。

Example

• quick $\to$ quickly
• slow $\to$ slowly
• careful $\to$ carefully

Example

• happy $\to$ happily
• easy $\to$ easily
• busy $\to$ busily

Example

• simple $\to$ simply
• gentle $\to$ gently
• terrible $\to$ terribly

Example

• basic $\to$ basically
• automatic $\to$ automatically

形副同形

部分词的 形容词与副词形式相同。

Example

• fast、early、hard、late、long、high、deep、near、straight

tip

部分副词加 -ly 后 语义改变：

• hard (努力地) vs. hardly (几乎不)
• late (晚) vs. lately (最近)
• near (在附近) vs. nearly (几乎)
• high (高地) vs. highly (高度地，非常)
• deep (深地) vs. deeply (深深地，情感上)

其他构成

构成方式	示例
原形即副词	just, soon, now, then, very
名词 + -wise	clockwise, otherwise, likewise
名词 + -ward(s)	forward, backward, upward

位置

修饰动词

通常位于 动词之后；若动词带宾语，置于 宾语之后。

Example

• He runs quickly.
• She reads the book carefully.

修饰形容词 / 副词

通常位于 被修饰词之前。

Example

• It is very cold.
• He runs quite fast.

频率副词

通常位于：

• 实义动词之前。
• be 动词 / 助动词 / 情态动词 之后。

Example

• I often go swimming.
• He is always late.
• You should never lie.

句子副词

修饰整个句子的副词通常置于 句首，用 逗号 与主句分隔。

Example

• Fortunately, no one was hurt.
• Honestly, I don't know.

比较级和最高级

构成规则

副词的比较级和最高级构成规则与形容词类似，详见 形容词。

1. 单音节副词及少数双音节副词：在词尾加 -er（比较级）或 -est（最高级）。
2. 以 -ly 结尾的多音节副词：在词前加 more / most。
3. 不规则变化。

Example

• fast $\to$ faster $\to$ fastest
• hard $\to$ harder $\to$ hardest
• early $\to$ earlier $\to$ earliest

Example

• quickly $\to$ more quickly $\to$ most quickly
• carefully $\to$ more carefully $\to$ most carefully

Example

• well $\to$ better $\to$ best
• badly $\to$ worse $\to$ worst
• much $\to$ more $\to$ most
• little $\to$ less $\to$ least
• far $\to$ farther / further $\to$ farthest / furthest

常见句型

句型	示例
A + 比较级 + than B	He runs faster than I do.
as + 原级 + as	She works as hard as her brother.
the + 最高级 + of / in	He runs (the) fastest of all.
比较级 + and + 比较级	He runs faster and faster.
the + 比较级，the + 比较级	The harder you try, the more you gain.

tip

副词最高级前的 the 通常可省略，这与形容词最高级不同。

思维导图